1.1.1 ‡òì Àï°ò �¹±™�´ —°‘¥›Žî‘þî‘ �òþé …¯€À ‡³ —º‘Ë ‡³ ‡òé þ�èØ€ÆÉÅ þ�ª�´ —°‘¥›ŽØª¥‘ò. �òé‘¥ ב♀�ÇÖ °‘ò ØÏŽ׀° �€¥×°í� —º‘Ë€Æ ŠÞ´³ …¯€À Æ‘—°òì �êÆþׯ¦Æ �ª¥‘ÆÅ ƒÏ™Žòé³. �‘¯Žòé Šòì �‘îÖÿÑ þº‘Ò, þºË´þ°Ñ þº‘Ò —º‘Ë—ÆïÖ, �°€î �€¥¹³¿ ºÏŽ °î³ °‘�´€° ²Ñ™� æƑ³. …¯€À—Æî ×Ï×þ° ƒ¢€œ�€ã þº‘™�×°‘�  
�€ÀÆ —°‘¥™�´±Ö ‹Ñ …èæ«Ñב�þ× ƒÏ¹° ƒ³, º™�×Å Ã±Ì Ã±Ì, Šòì ‡™�‘Ì«´±ò —º‘ËÆ‘Žòé³, —ÀËÆ‘Žòé³ ‡òé þ�èØÆ‘�þ× ‡Ý, �ã€× Øœ‘Ì€« þ°‘òìŽòé³. �è€× ‡òº³ ƒ›� †ò€À€Æ™ �‘«´ °Ï—À‘òì ‡òþé —�‘㿺¨Žòé³. °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€î ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ Ž.Ã.3000 ‚¯¨ ב™ŽþÒþÆ  ƒ´°€�Æ þ�èØ�è µòé‘� ‡à¹³Øª¥€° ŸþÀÏ´°Áâ ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�äÖ  �‘«Ã¦Žòé³. �Ïþã �€ã€×Æ‘�Å ‡òì ±ÏÄÒÑ ˜êÆ Øã™�Å º¯þ¥  
°ÁÝ¢ �¹°€îÇÖ ‚Ý þ×Ðòê ƒÏ¿º€°ÉÅ �‘«Ã¦Žòé³.  

1.1.2  ˆé™�€éÆ Ž.Ã. 2500 ‚Å ‚¯¨ ב™ŽÖ ‡à°¿ºª¥°‘�™ �Ï°¿º¨Å Enmerkar and Aratta  (Kramer, 1962; Cohen 1973) ‡ñÅ  ±ÏÃÏ�€î¿ ºíêÆ ‹Ñ �‘ØÆ´±Ö �â×ÏÅ ×Í�è Ž¥™Žòéî.  EnMerukar ƒ›� þ×èÃÏ�Ñ ‡ñÅ —œ‘ÖÓò ÄÒÚÏב�Å. …³×‘ŽÆ �±Ì×ïò ½°Ö×ò ‡òìÅ  ƒ›�  ±ÏÃÏ�ò ��´—°à £‘î¿»Ýź‘�ÚÅ �ê™�¿º¨Žòé‘ò.  (�‘¯�: �¦þÆî³ The Inner Radiance and the Growth of Tamil Mystic Literature From Sumerian  Times )  

141. u-ba kur-Subur ha-ma-zi   
    (At that time, the mountain lands (of) Shubar-Hamazi)   
142. eme-ha-mun ke-en-gi kur-gal-me-nam-nun-ka   
    (And the different-tongued Sumer, the great "mountain", of the 'me' of magnificence)   
143. ki-uri kur-me-te-gal   
    (Uri, "mountain" possessing all that is befitting)   
144. kur-mar-du u-sal-la na-a   
    (Mountain-land (of) Mardu, resting in security)   
145. an-ki-nigin-na ur-sag-si-ga   
    (The whole universe, the people who are taken care of [by the God])   
146. En-lil-la eme-as-am he-en-na-da ab-du(g)   
    (Addressed Enlil in one tongue)   

ƒ›� …Ò�À™�è �€î×ÏÅ ŠþÌ —À‘ÞÇÖ ˆ¯ÔÖ ‡ñÅ ŠÑ —°Ë×´€° ³±´°îÑ ‡òì  �ê™�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�. an-ki-nigin-na ‡òº³ 'בò�â ¶íŽî' ‡î¿º¨Å. eme-as-am ‡òº³  'ƒÆÅ ˆ� ‚Å' ‡òº±ò ÄÒÚÏב�Å. ºÒ—À‘Þ�è þºŸÅ À™�€ã™ —�‘¯¥ ŸþÀÏØÖ, þ×íì€À  º‘Ì‘³ ŠþÌ —À‘ÞÇÖ ƒ€é×€î �€î×ÏÅ ˆ´± þº‘íê ×Þºª¥€À€Æ™ �‘ØÆ¿ ½Ò×Ñ  —ºÏ€ÀÆ‘�™  �ê¿»¨×€° µ‘Å �×ï™� þׯ¨Å. �¹° �‘Ò™ �ª¥´±þÒþÆ —À‘Þ …«ÑÚ  °€Ò³–™ŽÉèã€À€ÆÉÅ  
‚î‘Ö þ×ì þ×ì —À‘Þ�è ƒÏ¹°þº‘±ÕÅ �€î×Ï™�Å —º‘³×‘� ‹Ñ —À‘Þ ƒÏ¹°€À€ÆÉÅ  —°ÍÆ×ÏŽòþé‘Å. ƒ¹°¿ —º‘³—À‘Þ, ŸþÀÏ´ °Áâ, ƒ€é×Þº‘ª¦Ö …Ò�´€°þÆ ‚¯¥³  ‡òé  …¯€ÀÉÅ ƒ›þ� —×俺¨Žòé³.  

1.1.3 µÅ ‚ËØí� —ºÍ³Å …°ÚÅ �Ò �꿽™�€ãÉÅ ƒ¹° �‘ØÆÅ þ×ì �Ò ×Í�äÖ  
—�‘¯¦Ï¿º€°ÉÅ  �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. "…´±" ‡ñÅ —œ‘Ö °Áâ ‡òº³Àª¨ÀÖÒ, �°ò —ÀË¿—º‘Ïè Æ‘—°òìÅ …«Ì  ƒ¹° �ÍÆ  ×Í�è µÀ™� —ºÍ³Å …°ÚŽòéî.  

500. du-ga-ni-[mah]-am sa-bi su-su-a-am   
 (His speech was (now) [great], its contents expanded   
501. kin-gi-a ka-ni dugud su nu-mu-un-da-an-gi-gi   
 (The emissary, his mouth (being) heavy, was not able to repeat [it]   
502. bar-kin-gi-a ka-ni dugud su nu-mu-un-da-an-gi-gi-ka   
 (Because the emissary, his mouth (being) heavy, was not able to repeat [it])   
503. en-kul-aba-a-ke im-e su-bi-ib-Ra dub-gin bi-in-gub   
 (The lord of Kulaba patted clay and write the message like( on a present day) tablet)   

504. u-bi-ta inim im-ma gub-bu nu-ub-ta-gal-la   
 (Formerly, the writing of messages on clay was not established)   
505. i-ne-se utu u-de-a ur he-en-na-nam-me am   
 (Now, with utu's bringing forth the day, verily, this was so)   

506. en-kul-aba-a-ke inim dub-gin bi-in-gub ur he-en-na-nam-ma   
 (The LOrd of Kulaba inscribed the message like(on a present day) tablet  

ƒ›� ×ÌÒ‘íì �鿽Á™� ×Í�ã‘�  ×Í�è 504-…Å, 505-…Å þ°‘òìŽòéî. �×í€é ‹ÌãÚ °í�‘Ò  °Áâ º¨´° —º‘Ïè ƒïþ° Øã›�×€°™ �‘¯�.  

504. †Þ»´³ ‡îÅ „ÆÅÀ �¿½ µ‘ …¿ºÑ´³ �‘ÖþÒ  
505 ƒïþœ …³ …±Æ …ì ƒòîîÅÀ ‚Å  

Ãí�‘Ò´±Ö —œ‘í�ã‘ŽÆ ‡îÅ ‡òº€°, „ÆÅÀ‘ŽÆ �äÀ¯¬ò þÀþÒ �‘Ó¥ØÖ€Ò. ‚ÇñÅ  ƒòì  ��´³ £‘î¡ÍÆî‘ŽÆ …³ …±™�, ƒÜ×‘ì …ìŽòé³ ‡òºþ° ƒ°ò —º‘Ïè. ÄÒÃÅ µÖÒ  °ÁÝ‘�  ƒÏ¿º€°™ �‘¯�. ��´þ° …è—ã‘ä —ºÏ™�Å £‘î¡ÍÆò ‡Ýþ× °‘ò, �êÆ‘€À ÿ›�, £‘î´  —°äÚ  
€�˜¥, �äÀ¯ ת¨�äÖ —œ‘í�€ã ‡à´°‘� —º‘ê™�þׯ¨Å ‡òé �¹°€î …¯¥‘Žòé³.  ƒ°î‘Ö,  ��´þ° …³×‘ŽÆ £‘î¡ÍÆ€î …±¿»¿º³þ× …´± ‡òìÅ, ƒ¹° —œ‘ÖÓò —º‘ÏæÅ  —°äבŽòé³.  ��´þ° Ž¥™�Å �¤£‘î ƒÏ€ã™ �¦¹³ …è—ã‘ä —ºÏ™� …°Úº€×þÆ …´± ‡î¿º¨º€×.  
‚� …´±  —ÀËÆêØ€î ºÆ¿»¿º³, …¯€À€Æ™ �‘«´°Ï׳ , �¤£‘î ƒÏ€ã™ �¦ÉÅ �Ï€ã  „ª¦´°Ï׳ ‡òé  �Ï´³™�è ƒ›þ� ½€°¹³ Ž¥¿º€°™ �‘¯�.  

1.1.4 ŸþÀÏ´ °ÁÞÖ �ÖØ þ�èØ�æ¥þîþÆ …´± ‡ñÅ �Ï´³ ×ãѹ³è〰ɛ �‘«Ã¦Žòé³.  

¡âŽ(>¡Þ, þœ‘Ýò?) ‡ñÅ À‘Àòîò ŠÏ×ò °ò€î¿ ºíê ‡à±Éèã »í�‘Ò´³ ½é´±€«  º‘¥Ö�€ã¿ þº‘òé �Ò º‘¥Ö�äÖ (Sulgi Hymns B&C) ƒ™�Ï´³�è —×俺¨Žòéî.  
ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è  ºÒ×í€é™ �¯¨èã€ÀÉÅ ºíºÒ …´±�è —ºË³ �×íêò ƒÒ™�«™˜ì�€ã™ �¯¨ �×í€é  ×€�  º¨´± …è〰ÉÅ ƒ€× µ›� �‘ª¨Žòéî.  

3. Sul-gi lugal Uri-ma-ke   
 (Sulgi's, the King of Ur)   
4. a-na za-mi-bi-im kalag-ga-na sir-bi-im   
 (This is the song of his power, this is hymn of his valour)   
5. gal-an-zu nig sag-bi-se e-a-na mu-da-ri-bi-im   
 (Of the wisw, in all things foremost, this is the lasting record)   
  

ƒ›� ºÒ �ÝŽÆ ƒÒ™�« �€Ò¢—œ‘í�è ºÇÖ×€°™ �‘¯�. œ‘»ÆÅ ‡òº³ ‹Ñ×€�Æ‘î  ³±Æ‘�Å; œ‘Á Ÿ×‘Á ‡òé —œ‘ÖÓ€î ÃÒÀ‘�™ —�‘¯¨ ‡à¹³èã³. žÑ»ÆÅ º‘ª¨×€��äÖ  Šòì.  ðλÆÅ ‡òº³ Ãò½ ºÇòì ƒ¿—º‘à³ ×Ý™ŽÖ ƒÖÒ‘° ŠÑ �ÝŽÆ —œ‘ÖÒ‘�Å. ó€À¿ºª¨  ƒé¹³  �Þ¹³Ø¥‘° ×€�ÇÖ Æ‘¯¨Å ¶€Ò´³ ¶íº°‘ŽÆ ¸–í�þã ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥€×Æ‘� þº‘í鿺ª¨èãî.  �‘Ò¢  
Ÿ×ª¦Ö �Þ¹³ þº‘�‘³ ¶€Ò´³ ¶íŽòé ºñ×Ò‘� �Ò ƒÏ™Žòéî ‡òì �Ï´³ �™�‘Ò´±Ö  ƒÏ¹°€À€Æ ƒ³ ½Ò¿º¨´³Žòé³.  ó€ÀÉì×€° �Í´³ ƒÖÒ‘³ þº‘™�Å �é¿»ò ¸–í�è  ƒ€×Æ‘�Å.  ƒ´°€�Æ —œ‘í�è '—°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÅ' ‡òºî þº‘òé —œ‘í�þ㑨 …Ï× �€À¿»Ö Š´³ ×Ï×€°ÉÅ  �‘¯�.  ŸþÀÏ´°ÁÞÖ '�‘' ‡òé —œ‘Ö 'בË' �°ïòì ‡àÅ —œ‘í�€ã —À‘Þ€Æ �꺑°‘�ÚÅ  Øã›�Žòé³.  

1.1.5 ƒþ° º‘¥Óò ˆ€îÆ ×Í�è, �ÖØ™ þ�èØ�€ã ×ãÑ™� ºÒ×€�Æ‘î ¶€ÒÆ›�è  ƒÏ¹°€ÀÉÅ  �±ÕÅ �꿺‘� �ì×Ñ�ª� ºè䙘¥›�€ã¿ þº‘òé "ƒÖ-³¿½"�è ƒÏ¹°€ÀÉÅ  �ê¿»¨Žòéî;�ê¹³  ƒò½é´°™�°‘Å. œÀ�‘Ò´³ ‡Ž¿±Ö ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ �ÖØ™˜¥›�è ƒÏ¹°€À™� œ‘òêÖ€Ò.  

13. tur-ra-mu-de e-dub-ba-a-a-am   
 (Since my (very) youth I belonged in the edubba)   
14. dub ki-en-gi-ki-uri-ka nam-dub-sar-ra mi-ni-zu   
 ([And] on the tablets of Sumer and Akkad, I learnt the art of the scribe)   
15. nam-tur-ra ga-e gin-nam im nu-mu-sar   
 (Of the young, none could write tablets like me )   
16.  nam-dub-sar-ra-ki nam-ku-zu-ba lu-im-mi- DU-DU   
 (people frequented the place of learning (to acquire) the scribal art)   
17. zi-zi-i ga-ga sid-nig-sid-de/ zag im-mi-til-til   
 (And striving and toiling went through their course in all the science of numbers)   
18. dingir-Nidaba sig-ga Nidaba-ke   
 ([As for me] goddess Nidaba, fair faced Nidaba)   
19. gestu-gizzal-la su dagal-la ma-ni-in-dug   
 (with a generous hand, provided with the intelligence and wisdom)   
20. dub-sar ig-tag-a nig-e nu-dab-be-me-en   
 (Whatever the teacher brought forward, I let nothing go by)   

 ƒÜ×Í�€ã °Áâ º¨´° ƒÜבì �€× þ°‘òìÅ:  

13. ³ÏÃþ° ƒÖ³¿€ºÆ  ‚ ‚Å   
14. ³¿½ �â ˆ›Ž �â †ÍÆ�Å ³¿½ œ‘íìîÅ ¡âÁï   
15. ³Ñ̵Šš‘þÆ š’òîÅ  „ÆÅ µ‘ þÀ‘ œ‘íì   
16. ³¿½œ‘íìîÅ �â µ›� ¡º ‚æ DU-Du-ƒÅþÀ   
17. ØÞØÞƒ �‘Ñ�‘Ñ �´³ ¶� �´þ° / œ‘™� ²Ñ²ÑÇÅÁò   
18. ±›�è ¶¥€º, —œ‘™� ¶¥€º   
19. �´³�¢œÖÒ €� °�Ò ³–™�Àïò   
20. ³¿½œ‘íì ƒŽ°‘™�× ¶� µ‘ °¿½Àò   

ƒ›� '�´³' ‡òº³ '‹³°Ö' ‡ñÅ �Ï´±Ö ×ÏŽòé³. '³¿½' ‡òº³ ‡à´³™�è —º‘ê™�¿ºª¥  �äÀ¯ ת¨�ã‘�Å. ƒÖ³¿½ ‡òº³ ƒ¿º¦ºª¥ ת¨�€ã ×�™� �íì´°Ì¿º¨Å ƒÖÒÀ‘�Å.  ב�¿º³  ‡òº³ '³¿½ œ‘íì°Ö" ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. ‚�ÍÆò '³¿½œ‘íì" ‚Žòé‘ò. ±›�è ¶¥€º �€Òב¬  Æ‘�Å. �×è �Ïã‘þÒþÆ ¡âŽ °ò ƒã€À �‘Ò´±Ö ˆ€îÆ ƒã×Ö�€ãØ¥ °‘ò �鿺�  ºÇòé°‘�  —ºÏ€Àºª¨™ —�‘èŽòé‘ò. �´³ �¢œÖ ‡òº³ Š›ŽÆ �ÌÓÖ ‹³×°‘�Å.  

‚î‘Ö µ‘Å ƒ›� ÙŽÆÀ‘� �Ï° þׯ¦Æ³ 'ƒŽ°‘™�×' ‡òñÅ —œ‘ÖÒ‘�Å. 'ƒŽ' ‡òº³ ƒ€À  ‡òº±ò ÄÒÅ. —ÀË ×¦×Å 'ƒš’' ‚� ƒÏ¹±Ï™�Ò‘Å. '�™Ž' ‡òº³ ƒ°ò »í�‘Ò´ ±Íº‘�ÚÅ  ƒÏ™�Ò‘Å. 'ƒŽ°‘™�×' ‡òº³ ³¿½œ‘íìבµ‘ŽÆ ‹Ñ ‚�ÍÆò þº‘±™� �êØÖ —°äב�Å  Šòé‘�Å.  ƒÜ×‘ì °‘ò —°ä¹³—�‘è×€° °¿º بױրÒ, ¶€îØÖ µòé‘� €×´³™—�‘èþ×ò  ‡òŽòé‘ò  
ƒÜ×Ìœò. ƒ¹° ƒŽ°‘™�× ‡òºþ° "—º‘ϳ �™Ž" ‡òé‘Ž »é� "»Ì´±Æ™�Å" ‡òì ±Ï½íé³  ‡òì  �Ï°í� ƒ¥ñ¯¨. '�¯' ‡òé —œ‘Ö '�êÚ' ‡òé —º‘ÏäÕÅ ×Ï×€°™ �‘¯�. º‘Ì° �¯¥´³  �ã€×  ‚ËØÖ »Ì´±Æ™�Å ‡òº³ �€î×Ì‘ÕÅ Š´³™—�‘㙘¦Æ ‹Ñ �ã€×Æ‘�Å. �™�€Ò¢  —œ‘Ö  °ÁÝ �¹°€îÇÖ ÃŽâ´° Šòì ‡òº€° ƒÜ×Í�è …«Ñ´³Žòéî.  

ƒ›� ‹Ñ ˆª¦€î ב�´°Ö, ב�´°€° »€ÝÆé ½Í¹³ —�‘èãÖ, ƒÜ×‘ì ½Í¹³—�‘¯¥€°  Àéב³  ¶€îØÖ ƒÏ´°Ö, �°‘׳ ƒé¹°³ �‘´°Ö,  ‡òºî—×ÖÒ‘Å ¸–Õ´± �Ï´³�—ãî, ƒ¹¸–Õ´±  ‚ËÚ  ŸþÀÏ´°Áâ �‘Ò´±þÒþÆ —°‘¥›ŽØª¥€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. °ÁÝ¿ º¯º‘ª¦Ö Á� Á� ºÝ€ÀÆ‘î  
‹Ñ  �€Ò ƒ³—×òìÅ �êÆ ×ÏŽòþé‘Å.  

 2.0 ÀÌ»ÆÓÖ ¸–Õ´± ‚ËÚ  

1.2.1 —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ±ò ‹Ñ »ò¿º‘� þœÑ™�¿ºª¦Ï™�Å 'ÀÌ»ÆÖ' ‡ñÅ ¸–Ö �þî�À‘�,  —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ±í� Ãíºª¥, ˆé™�€éÆ Ž.à µ‘›�‘׳ ¸–í鑯€¥¢ þœÑ¹° °ï ‹Ñ ¸–Ò‘�´  —°ÍŽòé³.  ƒ°í�¢ œ‘òì�è þ×þé‘Ñ �ª¨€ÌÇÖ —�‘¨™�¿ºª¦Ï™Žòéî.( �‘¯�: The Origin and  Development  of the Linguistic Tradition of Tolkaappiyam and its Impact on the Philosophical Culture of India  
:Tamil Civilization, Vol4 No172 1986) ƒ¹¸–Óò �€¥� ¡´±ÌÅ ×ÌÒ‘íì �鿽 Á™�³.  

ƒ›� °‘ò  …´± ‚ËÚ ‹Ñ æØí� ×¹³ �€î´€°ÉÅ —°‘�´³ ×�´³ —ºÆͪ¨ ×Í€œ¿ º¨´°ÚÅ º¨Žòé³.  �°€î ƒ›� Ãà°‘� º‘Ñ¿þº‘Å:  

Š´°�‘ª� …´±×€� ØÍ¿»ò   
¸°ÓƳ �ê°Ö, �±�‘Ì Ã€éþÆ,   
—°‘�´³™ ˜éÖ, ×�´³—À˹ ¶ì´°Ö   
—À‘Þ¹° —º‘Ïþã‘ —¥‘òé �Ü×Çò   
—À‘ÞÆ‘ °°€î ê¦òê æ´°Ö   
ב̑ °°î‘ò ×¹°³ æ´°Ö   
×¹°³ —�‘¯¨ ב̑° ³«Ñ´°Ö   
ù³ —À‘Þ¹°±ò °€Ò°¨ À‘íþé   
Š¿º™ ˜éÖ, ŠÏ°€Ò —À‘ÞþÆ   
°òþ�‘è ˜éÖ, Àé»é Ý‘€À   
»éò…¥ò ºª¥³ °‘ò …¥Åº¨°Ö   
ƒé¹°°³ �‘´°Ö �±Ì³ þº‘íéÖ   
—À‘ÞבŠ‡òéÖ, ˜êí —ÌòéÖ   
°‘ò�ê Ǩ°Ö, ŠÏ°€Ò Æò€À   
æ¹°³ �‘ª¥Ö, ‚€« ˜éÖ,   
ºÖ—º‘Ϫ� ˆí»ò µÖÒ³ þ�‘¥Ö,   
—°‘�´° —À‘ÞÆ‘ò ×�´°îÑ þ�‘¥Ö,   
Àì°€Ò �€°´³´ °¹³¬½ …€Ì´°Ö   
»éòþ�‘ª ˜éÖ, �êÆ‘³ …¥Åº¥Ö,   
—º‘Ï胀¥ Ǧ°Ö, ‡±Ñ—º‘Ïè …«Ñ´°Ö   
—œ‘ÖÓò ‡¢œÅ —œ‘ÖÓÆ‘›� …«Ñ´°Ö,   
°¹³½«Ñ¹³ …Ì´°Ö, £‘º�Å ˜éÖ,   
…Ë´³™—�‘¯¨ …«Ñ´°—Ò‘¨ —ÀË¿º¥ µ‘¦¢   
—œ‘ÖÓÆ �ÖÒ »é�ׯ ×ÍñÅ   
—œ‘ÖÓÆ ×€�Æ‘Ö ŸÏ›� µ‘¦   
Àî´±ò ‡¯¬ À‘œé´ —°Í¹³—�‘¯¨   
ƒî´±í þœÑ´± …«Ñ´°Ö þׯ¨Å   
¸ï´°� ½Ò×Ñ ˜êÆ ¸–þÒ   

ƒ¢¡´±Ì´€° µ‘Å ºÒ×‘ì ‚Ì‘Ë¹³ ½€°¹³ Ž¥™�Å ºÒ …¯€À�€ã —×ä™—�‘«Ì  þׯ¨Å. ƒ¹° …´± ×€��€ã ƒÜבì ×Í€œ¿º¨´± …èã€À€Æ þµ‘™Žò, Äòì  �®Ã€é�€ã™  €ÀÆ™ þ�èØ�€ã ��´þ° —�‘¯¨èã°‘�´ —°ÍŽòé³. Šòì ƒ¹° …´±�è°‘ò ‡òî ‡òº³.  ƒÌ¯¥‘×°‘� ‹Ñ ¸–Ó€î Ãà°‘�™ �‘« ‚›� —°ÍÆ×ÏÅ …´±�è Æ‘€× ‡òº³. Äòé×°‘�, ‹Ñ   ¸–Óñè ½�¹°»ò ‡àŽòé …´±�è Æ‘€× ‡òº³  

1.2.2 …´±�è ‡òºî ‹Ñ ¸–Ó€î Àî±Ö ‡¯¬ À‘œé —°Í¹³—�‘è×°í� ˆ³×‘ŽÆ �êØò  —œÒÚ�è  ‡òé �Ï´³ �€¥� �Ò ×Í�äÖ �‘«¿º¨Žòé³. ‹Ñ ¸ï´°� ½Ò×ïò ‚ÝÀ‘î  �¹°€î�è Øã›�Å ¸–Ó€î µòé‘� »€ÝÇòê —°Í¹³ —�‘¯¨ ‡´°€�Æ ¸–Ö �³—×òìÅ  —º‘³×‘�  �ê¹³ —�‘¯¨, ‚�þ× ‡¹° ƒî´±Ö þœÑ¹°³ �³ ‡òº€°ÉÅ —°ä¹³ �°ò »éþ� �¹° ¸–Ó€î  »éÏ™� …«Ñ´°Ö þׯ¨Å ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. ‚� þº‘°î‘ØÆÖ ³€éÇò �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� …´±�è  
þµ‘™�¿º¨×€° ƒ›� �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ³ ŸþÀÏ´ °Á⠡⎠˜ìÅ ˜íþ鑨 —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ°‘�´  —°ÍŽòé³.  

þÀÕÅ ƒ°þ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ‘°‘� ƒò—î‘Ï �Ï´³Å ˜é¿º¨×€°ÉÅ µ‘Å �¹±™�þׯ¨Å.  ƒ´°€�Æ  …´±�€ã Š´°™ �‘ª� …´±�è ‡òŽòé‘Ñ ‚�ÍÆÑ. ƒ±Ö ºÒ �Ï´³™�è ½€°¹³ Ž¥™Žòéî.  Šòì …´±�è ‡òºî �‘ª��è „ª¦´°Ï׳ ‚�þ× �π㠄ª¥´°¹³ ��´±Ï€ã™ �¦Æ  …°Ú׳  ‡òé‘Žòé³. ƒÜ×€�ÇÖ ¸ï´°� ½Ò×ò ŠÏ×ò ‚™�Žòé ‹Ñ ¸–Ö °òî�´þ° ‹Ñ �‘ª�ǀ
—�‘¯¦Ï™�, ‹Ñ £‘î´—°äØ€î —�‘¯¦Ï™�, �³ ‹Ñ ¸–Ò‘� …Ï—ºíì ¶í�,  �þ°  �‘ª�Ç€î,  £‘î´—°äØ€î »ê—°‘Ï×ò —ºíì ÀŽÝ …°Ú×îþ× …´±�è ‡òº°‘Žòé³. Š´° �‘ª� —ºíì  ÀŽâ×€°, �°ò ×Þ, ¸–Ò‘�ÍÆþ …¥òº¨×€° '�ê×´³Ø°Å' ‡òé‘Ö, »í�‘Ò´±Ö  þ×°‘¹°´±ò  À‘Ƒב° �´³Ø°´€° Ùâ´±Æ €œ× �´°‘¹°´±ò Ÿ´°‘´€×° �Ï´±ò þ°‘íé´€° ƒ›þ�  �‘«Ã¦Žòé³.  
‹Ñ ‚ÝÀ‘î ¸–Ö ‡òº³ º¦™�´—°‘¥›ŽÆ³Å …¥ò �°ò …ª—º‘Ïè —°í—éî Øã›�׳  Ž€¥Æ‘³. Æ‘³  —°íéî Øã›�Žòéþ°‘, �°ò þÀÖ ‚Ñ×Å —œÖÒ‘³ þº‘Å. ‚� …´±�è ºÒ —ºË³ ‚Ý �í�Å  þת€�€Æ ‡à¿º×ÖÒ ¸–í�è �íþº‘ò À‘ª¨ —œê¹±Ï™�Å ��´±Ï€ã �‘ª¦ ¶í�Å Šòé‘�  ±�âŽòé³. ¸–Ö ‡î¿º¨×³, ƒÌª¨Ï —�‘¯¥°‘�Å. ½é´³Ï ½€°ÉÏ ‡òé×‘ì ƒÌ¯¨  
…Ï™�þ㑨´  þ°‘òê —×俺ª¨ ¶í�Å �³, ½éÚÏØò ×Þ —×亥‘³ ¶í�Å ½€°ÉÏ€× �‘«´°Ï×°‘�Å.  

ƒ¹°  ½€°ÉÏ€× �‘«Ã¦Æ‘³ ±€�™�Å þº‘þ°, °òñè �êÆ‘€À ƒÏè ƒÏ¿º€° �íþº‘î‘ŽÆ  ŠÏ×ò  …«ÑŽòé‘ò. �³ —º‘àþ° …´±�è ºÒ —ºË³, ��´±Ï™�Å �êÆ‘€À€Æ¿ þº‘™�Žòé‘ò.  ƒÜ×‘ì  þº‘™�Å þº‘þ°, ¸–Óí� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘ÇÏ™Žòé �‘ª�€Æ, £‘î´—°äØ€î °‘ñÅ  —ºíé×î‘Žòé‘ò.  
‹Ñ ¸–Óò ½é´³Ï€× þÀÉÅ þº‘—°àÅ �êØò—œÒÚ�è …ÏÀ‘î›�è ‡òé‘Ö, �°ïò  ½€°ÉÏ€×´  þ°¨×³ �ÏÀ‘îÀ‘�Å. ‚� �êØò —œÒÚ�äÖ, ƒ›� �ÏÀ‘î›�è ‡î¿º¨×îþ× …´±�è ‚�Å.  

1.2.3 ‡ÖÒ‘  …´±�€ãÉÅ —º‘³ØÆÖ …´±�è ‡òìÅ °ïØÆÖ …´±�è ‡òìÅ ˜éÒ‘Å. ƒ¹°´  °ïØÆÖ …´±�€ãÉÅ °ò—º‘Ϫ¨´±�è ‡òìÅ »éÑ—º‘Ϫ¨´±�è ‡òìÅ ×�™�Ò‘Å.ƒ×íêÖ  —º‘³ØÆÖ …´±�ã‘×î ¸°ÓƳ �ê°Ö, �±�‘Ì Ã€éþÆ, —°‘�´³™ ˜éÖ, ×�´³ —ÀË ¶ì´°Ö  ‡òºîב�Å. ƒ×íêÖ ¸°ÓƳ �ê°Ò‘׳, ¸–Ö Šòì °òî�´þ° —�‘¯¦Ï™Žòé ‹Ñ ¸±¿»€î  
Ãòîêב�¿ —ºíì (preunderstanding) »é� ¸–Ó€î Ãà°‘�™ �íì �¹° ÃòîêØ€î  —°èãêב™Ž  ¸–Ö ˜é×¹° —º‘π㠱éź¥  �ê¹³—�‘è×°‘�Å.  ƒ¹° …´± ‡à×°í� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� ƒÏ¿º³,  

º‘ÇÌÅ þº‘òé ¸–òÃ�—À‘òì, ¸–Ö ˜é×¹°€° —º‘³¿º€¥Æ‘�™ ˜ê �êØò —œÒØ€î ‹Ñ  ±€œ™�è  º¨´³×°‘�Å. ƒ°î‘Ö ��´þ° ‹Ñ �꿽 þ°‘òé �¨´°¨´³ —°ÍÆ×ÏŠإƛ�€ã ƒ¹°  �ê¿þº‘¨  —°‘¥Ñ½ º¨´± —°äב™Ž™ —�‘èã æŽòé³. þÀÕÅ ƒ›� �íþº‘ïò ƒÏ¿½¶€Ò (ways of  Being)  
�꿽™ �‘ÒÅ (temporality) ºª¥°‘� ±�â×€°™ �‘¯�. ƒ›� �꿽™ �‘ÒÀ‘׳, ƒòéÖÒ‘  °òïò  ‹Ñ ‡±Ñ¶€Ò€Æ þµ‘™Ž �³ °‘î‘�Å ØÏ¿—º‘¨ ¶í�Åþº‘³ ‡àŽòé ��¹¶€Ò �‘Ò  …«Ñב�Å.  

ƒ°ò ×ÞþÆ°‘ò, ½é´³ ƒÆ™�›�€ã™ —�‘¯¨  …ÒŽÆÖ �‘ÒÀ‘ŽÆ Ÿª¨�‘Ò´€° צ™�  æŽòé³.  ‹Ñ ¸–Óò ¸±¿½, �íº×€î, �×î³ ƒÏ¿½ ¶€ÒÇÓϹ³ —ºÆÑ´³ ‡±Ñ¶€Ò ŠòêÖ À‘ª¦Øª¨,  �꿽  �‘Ò …«Ñ—ב¨ ±�àÀ‘ì —œË³ ‹Ñ þת€�º‘íºª¥×î‘�ÚÅ ±Í´³Ø¨Žòé³. ¸–Ö ¸°ÓƳ  ‡¿—º‘à³ �êבŽòéþ°‘ �³—º‘àþ° ƒ¹° �꿽�‘Ò …«ÑÚÅ ƒÖÒ‘³þº‘�Å. ¸±™�¿º¨×€°  °‘ò  
ƒòñÅ �êÆ‘þ° ƒÏ™Žòþéò ‡òé ×€�ÇÖ, �꿽™�‘Ò …«ÑØÖ º¨´³Å ƒ´°€�Æ ¸–Ö  ¸±¿½™�è  ŠÏ×î³ ��´³¢ —œê¹±Ï™�Å �êÆ‘€À€Æ, �¤£‘î´€° �‘ª¦ ¶íº€°ÉÅ �‘¯�.  

1.2.4 ƒ°þ —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æþ° �±�‘Ì Ã€é€À ‡ñÅ …´±�ã‘�Å. ¸°ÓÆ€° �êÆ¿ ½�Å þº‘³,  Šòê€î™ �íì´ —°ä¹³ �°ò »òþîþÆ ƒò—î‘ò€é™ �íì ƒÜ×‘ì Šòê€î �¨´³ Šòé‘�¿  —ºÆѹ³ æØÖ ¸–Ö ¸°ÓÆ€°´ —°ä×°‘�Å. ×ÌÒ‘íì ÀéÇÖ —ºÆÑ׳ ƒ›� µ¥™Žòé³.  —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´±Ö ƒ¹° �±�‘ÌÀé€ÀÇ€î —°äב�™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ‡à´°±�‘Ì´€°  
½Í¹³—�‘¯¥¿  »é� —œ‘ÖÒ±�‘ÌÅ, �°€î¿ ½Í¹³—�‘¯¥ »é� —º‘Ïã±�‘ÌÅ ‡òé×‘ì ƒ¹¸–Ö ƒÆÕ×€°™  �‘¯�.  

—º‘Ïã±�‘Ì´€°¿ ½Í¹³—�‘èã —œ‘ÖÒ±�‘Ì´€°™ �íì´ þ°Ñ¹±Ï™�þׯ¨Å. ƒþ°¿ þº‘òì  —œ‘ÖÒ±�‘Ì´€°¿ ½Í¹³ —�‘è㠇ര±�‘Ì´€° �íì —°Í¹±Ï™�þׯ¨Å. ‹òê€î™ �íì´  þ°ê  �¹±™�þ×°‘ò, »ê—°‘òì ‚±Æ‘Žòé³ ‡òº€°É› �‘¯�. ‚� �±�‘ÌÀé€À ‡òº³ ‹Ñ  
×ÌÒ‘íêÆÖ —ºÆÑ¢�Æ‘�Å.ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ —ºÆÑ¢�™� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� ƒÏ¿º³, ��´þ° ¸–Ö ¸°ÓƳ  þ°‘íìØ™�Å �꿽™ �‘Ò …«ÑÚ ‡òº€°É› �‘¯�. ƒ¹° �êØò —ºÆÑ¢�ÉÅ �¹°À‘± ‡òé×‘ì  —œÖ×€°™ �‘¯�.   

»í�‘Ò´±Ö ¸–í�äò �±�‘ÌÀé€À €×¿»ò ‚Ëþ×, —ÀË�¯¥‘Ì‘Ö —º‘³×‘™�¿ ºª¨ �¹°À‘±  ‡òé ×€�ÇÖ ‹Ñ �¦¿º€¥ �Ï´°‘™�¿ºª¨ €œ× �´°‘¹°Å º�Ì¿º¨Žòé³ ‡òº€° µ‘Å ƒ›�  �×ï™�  þׯ¨Å. œ›�‘Ì �‘Ì«î‘� ƒÏ™Žòé ðþÒ Ã°Ö ‡òì ˜ê �¿ºÌÅ—º‘Ï€ã �¹°À‘± ‡òþé  º�Ñ×€°™ �‘¯�. �×£‘îþº‘°Å Ã°í ¡´±Ì´±þÒþÆ ƒ™�Ï´³ ×ÏŽòé³:  

�×ò �×è �³ ‡ñÅ �€×   
þ°‘íêÆ ±±þÆ Š¨›ŽÀÒ´³ …ã°‘Å   
�¹°À‘± ‡òÀî‘Ñ ½Ò×Ñ   

1.2.5 ƒ×íê™� þ×é‘� ƒÏ¿ºîþ× —°‘�´³™ ˜éÖ, ×�´³ —ÀË ¶ì´°Ö ‡òºî.  ƒ€× �×Æ×Å  �×ÆØ ‡òéבì, ‹Ñ ¸–Ó€î �‘®Åþº‘³ ‡àŽòé …´±�ã‘�Å. °ï´°ïÆ‘� �‘«¿º¨×í€é, ‹Ñ  �€À¿»ò �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ Ãà°‘�™ �‘®Åþº‘³ (gestaltic perception)  ‡àŽòéþ° ‹Ñ —°‘�¿½  �ÖÒ³ ÃàŸ ‡î¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ —°‘�¿»ò …쿽™�ã‘� �€À×î×í€é —×Üþ×é‘�  
°ï´³™  �‘ª¥þÒ ×�´³ —ÀË ¶ì´°Ö ‡ñÅ …´±Æ‘�Å. �‘ª¥‘� ‹Ñ ÀÌÅ ‡òº³ ºÒ×íêò —°‘�¿º‘�Å. 
 
Ãà°‘�™ �¯¨ ÀŽàÅ—º‘àþ° �°ò ƒÆÖ½ ƒòî—°î™ �‘«×ÏŽòé³, —ºÆͪ¨ �€Ý™�ÚÅ  æŽòé³. �Üבì �°€î¿ º‘Ñ´³™ —�‘¯þ¥ ‚îÖ �°€î »ò½ÒÅ °èä …ì¿½™�ã‘�  Øã›�×î×í€é Ãí½Òò —�‘¯¨×¹³ º‘Ñ™�Åþº‘þ° ƒ³ þ×Ñ, ƒ³ Ž€ã ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å ×ÏÅ  …ì¿»ÆÖ  �êÚ …«ÑבŽòé³. ƒ›� »í½Ò �êב� ÀÌÅ ƒÖ€Ò—ÆïÖ, Ãí½Ò �êב� Ž€ã þ×Ñ þº‘òé  �Ï´³™�è ‡Ý‘³þº‘Å ‡òº€°™ �‘¯�.  

ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ �êØò —œÒÚ�äÖ �‘ÒÚ«ÑÚ ƒÖ€Ò ‡îº€°ÉÅ �‘¯�. —°‘�±™�¢ —œòì  º�±™�¢  —œÖ׳ Ãí½Ò´³ (foreground) Šò€é »í½ÒÀ‘™Ž (background) º‘Ñ™�¿º¨×€° À‘íì×°‘�Å, ‚�  º‘Ñ€×€Æ À‘íì×°‘�Å. ƒ™�Ï´³ —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÅ �‘Ò¹ —°‘¥›Ž, °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€îÇÖ ‹Ñ ×Õ×‘î  ƒ¥´€° »¦´³™—�‘¯¥€°ÉÅ  �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.  »í�‘Ò´±Ö ±ÏÄÒÍò ±ÏÀ¹±Ì´±Ö ƒ¹°  
½Ò¿—ºÆÑ¢� �Ï´³™�è ºÒ º‘¥Ö�äÖ Øã™�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. �‘ª¥‘�¢ �Ò:  

ÀÌ´€° À€é´°³ À‘À° Æ‘€î   
ÀÌ´±ò À€é¹°³ À‘À° Æ‘€î   
ºÌ´€° À€é´°³ º‘ÑÃ°í ¾°Å   
ºÌ´±ò À€é¹°³ º‘ÑÃ°í ¾°þÀ   
   (2251)   

ÀÌ´°‘Ò‘ŽÆ —º‘Å€À Æ‘€î€Æ º‘Ñ™�Åþº‘³, ÀÌ™�ª€¥€Æ Ãí½ÒÀ‘™ŽØª¥‘Ö, Æ‘€î  »í½ÒÀ‘Ž  —°òº¥‘³ þº‘Žòé³; Æ‘€î€Æ Ãí½Òî‘™ŽØª¥‘Ö, ÀÌÅ »í½ÒÀ‘Ž �¯¬í� —°òº¥‘³  þº‘Žòé³.  ƒþ°¿ þº‘Ò —º‘ê½Ò™ �‘ª�™� …Ò€� ‚™Žî‘Ö, ºÌ‘ºÌò —°òº¥‘³ þº‘Žòé‘ò. �°€î™  �Ýòì  ‚Ý™�‘ª�Çò …Ò�´€° »í½ÒÀ‘™ŽØ¥, …Ò�Å þ°‘ò鑳 ØÝ, ƒ€é×ò �‘«×ÏŽòé‘ò  ‡òºþ°  ƒ°ò —º‘Ïã‘�Å.  

—º‘ò€î À€é´°³ —º‘òî¬ ¾¥«Å  
—º‘òïò À€é¹°³ —º‘òî¬ ¾¥«Å  
°ò€î À€é´°³ °ò�Ì «›�ã‘Å  
°òïò À€é¹°³ °ò�Ì «›�þã  
   (2250)  

—º‘òî¬Æ‘� …Ï¿—ºíêÏ™Žòé Šòê€î �°ïò �¬Æ‘Å °ò€À€Æ Ãí½Ò¿º¨´±™ �¯¨  ÀŽàÅþº‘³,  �°ò ÄÒÀ‘� ƒÏ™�Å —º‘ò€î »í½Ò¿º¨´± بװ‘Ö º‘Ñ€×™� ‚�‘³ þº‘Žòé³. —º‘òï€î  Ãí½Ò¿º¨´± ت¥‘þÒ‘, �¬ÆêÚ »í½ÒÀ‘™�¿ºª¨ º‘Ñ€×ÇÓϹ³ À€éŽòé³. �þ°¿  þº‘Ò´°‘ò,  
ºŸ�Ì«›�ã‘ŽÆ ‰Å—º‘ê�ã‘Ö ‚�Å �êØ€î Ãí½Ò¿º¨´± ÀŽâ¹°‘Ö, °ò€î¿ ºíê  —œ‘к×êÚ  �‘«×Ì‘³ þº‘Žòé³. �þ°¿ þº‘Ò ƒ¿ºŸ�Ì« …«ÑÚ�€ã °×´°‘Ö »í½Ò¿º¨´± ت¥‘Ö,  °í—œ‘к  �êÚ Ø㛎 ¶í� …Ò�Å �‘«×‘Ì‘—°‘ÞŽòé³.  

»í�‘Ò´±Ö, ½Òò×Þ¿ º‘Ñ€× ‡ñÅ �Ï´€° »€ÝÆ‘� …«Ñ¹³—�‘¯¨ ‚± œ›�ÌÑ þº‘òþé‘Ñ  À‘Æב°  �´³Ø°Å ˜ê, …Ò�´€° —º‘ËÆ‘™ŽîÑ. ƒòéãÚ ±ÏÄÒÍò ƒ´°€�Æ º‘¥Ö�€ã À‘Ƒב°  �´³Ø°´±í� œ‘òé‘� ºÒÑ ‚¨×³Å þ×°€î™�ÍÆ Šòþé.  
  
1.2.6 ƒï �¨´°°‘� ×Ï×î °ò—º‘Ϫ¨´±�è ‡î™ ˜é×Ϻ€×Æ‘�Å. ¸–Ö ¸°ÓÆ€° �êÆ¿  ½�בò  þׯ¦ �°€î™ �íì �¹±´³ —°äÉÅ þº‘³ ˆíº¨Žòé �êØò —œÒÚ�þã ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥  …´±�ã‘�Å.  '—À‘Þ¹° —º‘Ïþ㑨 Šòé �Ü×Çò —À‘ÞÆ‘°°€î ê¦òê æ´°Ö', 'ב̑°°î‘Ö ×¹°³  æ´°Ö',  ×¹°³ —�‘¯¨ ב̑°³ …«Ñ°Ö', 'ƒé¹°³ �‘´°Ö', '‡±Ì³ þº‘íéÖ', ºÖ—º‘Ϫ� ˆí»ò µÖÒ³  
þ�‘¥Ö', '…Ë´³™—�‘¯¨ …«Ñ´°Ö' ‡òºî þº‘òé€× �íþº‘ò ŠÏ×ò °‘þî …€Ý´³ ¸–Óî‘Ö  ¸×Ò¿º¨×€° »€ÝÇòê …«Ñ¹³ —�‘è×°‘�Å. ‡¤�Æ×í€é »éÑ—º‘Ϫ¨´±�ã‘�™  —�‘èãÒ‘Å.  

'Š¿º™ ˜éÖ', 'ŠÏ°€Ò —À‘Þ', '°òþ�‘è ˜éÖ', '»éò …¥òºª¥³ °‘ò …¥Å º¥Ö', 'Àì°€Ò  �€°´³´ °¹³¬½ …€Ì´°Ö', '‚€« ˜éÖ' þº‘òéÚÅ »éÚÅ ‹Ñ ¸–Ó€î ‡¨´³ þº‘±™Žòé  þº‘³Å »éþÌ‘¨  »éþÌ‘¨ �°ò —º‘π㿠ºíê °Ñ™Ž™Žòé —º‘à³Å ‡àŽòé �êØò —œÒÚ�ã‘�¿ º¨Žòéî.  ƒ×íêÖ  �Ò »í�‘Ò´±Ö ×�´³™ �‘ª¥¿ºª¥ �ã€×�è �Ò×íþ鑨 Š´±Ï¿º€°™ �‘¯�.  ƒ×íêò ØÍבî Øã™�›�€ã �¦þÆî³ "Literary Hermeneutics in Dravidian Linguistic Tradition"  
‡òé ‚›ŽÒ™ �ª¨€ÌÇÖ �¯¨—�‘è�.  

°ÁÝ —ÀËÆêÚ ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ ‹Ñ €ÀÆ ƒ¥´€° »¦´³èã …´± ‚ËÚ —ºÏź‘ÕÅ ƒÒ™�«¿  ½Ò×Ñ�ã‘þÒþÆ  —œËÆ¿ºª¥°‘�ÚÅ —°ÍŽòé³. »í�‘Ò´±Ö  ºï̯¥‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ µòñ–ÓÕÅ, º±î‘é‘Å  ¸–í鑯¨  À‘éîÒ›�‘ÌÅ ‡ñÅ Á� ØÍבî �¬ÇÆÖ ¸–ÓÕÅ ƒÜב̑ˢ� —°‘¥Ñ×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.  

3.0 ƒÒ™�«¿ ½Ò×Ñ�äò ¸–Õ´±  

1.3.1 —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´±í� �¨´° ¶€ÒÇÖ ½Ò×Ñ�ã‘Ö —ºÍ³Å þº‘í鿺¨Å µòñ–ÓÖ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ  �‘Ò´±í�¿ »ò—î๰ ƒ´°€�Æ ‚ËÚ�äò —°‘�¿€º™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ×íêÖ ¸–Õ´±�è 32  ‡î¿º¦ñÅ, ½±Æ°‘� �Ò þœÑ™�ºª¨è〰ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. þÀÕÅ ƒ€× �ã€×ÇÆÖ ‚ËØò  
°‘™�´±í� ‚ã‘ŽÇÏ¿º€°ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å ,' ¸°Ó¿ ½�°Ö ‹´³Ã€é €×¿þº' ‡òì ÀÌ»ÆÖ  ¡´±Ì´€° °àØþÆ —œÖÕÅ ƒ¹—µ¦Æ ¡´±Ì´±Ö ½±Æב�¢ �Ò:  —œ‘í—º‘Ïè ØÍ´°Ö,  —°‘¥Ñ¢—œ‘í  ½«Ñ´°Ö, ˆ³Øò æ´°Ö, Ø�íº´±ò æ´°Ö , ‡¨´³™�‘ª¥Ö, ‡¨´° —À‘ÞÇò ‡ËÆ€×´°Ö  ‡òºî �ã€×ÇÆÓò �€Ò¢—œ‘í�€ã œ‘ѹ±Ï¿º€°™ �‘¯�. þÀÕÅ »éÑ—º‘Ϫ¨´±�€ã  À°Å  
‡òì  µØòì �×í€é ˆÝ‘�ÚÅ �‘¯ŽòéîÑ.  

‡à×€� À°þÀ …¥òº¥Ö Àì´°Ö  
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»ê—°‘¨ º¥‘�ò °òÀ°› —�‘ãþÒ  
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‡òé×‘ì °ïþÆ‘Ñ ¡´±ÌÀ‘�þ× Æ‘™�¿ºª¨è〰™ �‘¯�.  

þÀÕÅ …´± ‡òé‘Ö ‡òî ‡òº±ò �¯®Å ‚Ì‘Ë¢� —œòìè〰™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.  

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ˆí½Þ �ê¹³ ƒ°í� ƒÜ×€� Æ‘—Àî´  
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1.3.2 ƒï ±ÏÀ‘Ö ×Þ¿º‘ª¦Ö �é¹³ Øã›ŽÆ º±î‘é‘Å ¸–í鑯¨  ±Ï�Ï€�¿ —ºÏÀ‘è  �ØÌ‘ÆÑ  Æ‘´° À‘éîÒ›�‘ÌÅ ‡ñÅ Á�¢ �鿺‘î �¬ÇÆÖ ¸–ÓÖ, ¸–Õ´±�€ã¿ ºíê ½³€ÀÆ‘î ºÒ  �Ï´³™�è ‡à¹³è〰™ �‘«Ã¦Žòé³. ƒ×íêí� �ØÌ´µ�ØÌ‘ÆÑ ‡òº‘Ñ ØÏ´±…€Ì þº‘òì  Á�¢ �鿺‘î ‹Ñ …€Ì€ÆÉÅ Æ‘´³èã‘Ñ. ‚ÇñÅ ×¥—À‘Þ°‘™�±í�  ‚ã‘Ž »€ÝÆ‘î ºÒ  �Ï´³™�€ãÉÅ º�Ñ×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. º±î‘é‘Å ñ–í鑯¨ —°‘¥›Ž, °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€îÇò  ‡ÖÒ‘  ƒ¥›�äÕÅ ƒ¹° Ùâ¢�€Æ™ �‘« æŽòé³. …´± ‡òº€° É™± ‡ñÅ ×¥—À‘Þ¢ —œ‘ÖÓò  �€°Ú  ‡òì ˜ê �°€î ¡´±Ì´±òº‘í Ž¥¿ºþ°‘Ñ —º‘Ïèþ×캑¨ �‘ª¨×³ ‡òì ˜ê™—�‘è×þ°‘¨  ¶ì´±™  —�‘èŽòé‘Ñ.  ÀÌ»ÆÖ ¡´±ÌÅ Á�¢ �鿺‘� 'Š´°™ �‘ª� …´±×€� ØÍ¿»ò' ‡òì —°‘¥›�,  ƒ›þ�‘ ' …èæì´³ �€À´° …´± ×€� ØÍ¿»ò ' ‡òì —°‘¥›�Žòé³. '¸°ÓƳ �ê°Ö' ‡òº€°  
'…èäƳ …«Ñ´°Ö' ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. ¸–Ö ¸°Ö׳ ƒ›� ¸–Ò‘�ÍÆò �ϱÆþ°‘¨ Šòé‘™�¿º¨Žòé³.  þÀÕÅ …èæì´³ �€À´° …´± ‡ñÅ —º‘à³, ‹Ñ ¸–€Ò �Ý�º¥ Æ‘™� þׯ¦Æ �€À¿»ÆÖ  Šà›ŽÆÖ  �¬×€� Àé€À ‡òºîþº‘òé �êØò —°‘ÞÖ�€ãþÆ �鿺‘� �¹±™Žòé‘Ñ ‡òìÅ  —°ÍŽòé³.  

×Í€œ¿º¨´³Å …´±�è ÀÌ»ÆÓÖ ºÇÖ×îþ× Æ‘�Å. Šòì ½±°‘�¿ º¨Žòé³: '…Ìò …€¥Æîב˴  ²º�×€�Æ‘Ñ �鿽™ ˜éÖ' ‡òºþ° �³. �¬ÇÆÖ ‚ËØò °‘™�´°‘Ö ƒ¿½³€À ‡òìÅ  —°ÍŽòé³.  

ƒ°í� �ØÌ‘ÆÍò …€ÌƑ׳: 
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—œËÉ䥴³ Ã°Ö ƒ€¥ �€¥ ‡òñÅ Äòꥴ±ñè ‹Í¥´°‘Ž ‚±Çïòé³ �¹°´³ �ãÚÅ  ‹¥ÚÅ,  ƒ€¥ ¶òé³ ÃòñÅ »òñÅ ‹¥ÚÅ, ƒì± ¶òé³ ƒ€¥ÉŠðÕÅ ‹¥ÚÅ �Øò—ºé™ ˜ì°Ö  ‡òŽòé‘Ñ.  

1.3.3 º±î‘é‘Å ¸–í鑯¦í�¿ »é�, ƒÒ™�«Øã™�Å ‡à±Æ €×±Æµ‘° þ°��ÏÅ,  
º´—°‘òº°‘׳  ¸–í鑯¦Ö ‰¹³ ƒÒ™�«›�€ã µØòé ô³ÙÍÆ …º‘´±Æ‘ÏÅ …´±€Æ¿ ºíêÆ ‚ËØ€î  —°‘¥‘̳  þº‘ŽòéîÑ. —ºÍ³Å þº‘í鿺¨×°‘� Æ‘¿º±�‘ÌÃÅ �¬Æ±�‘ÌÃþÀ Øã›�Žòéî. ƒ€×ÉÅ  ×¥—À‘Þ  ƒÒ™ŽÆ ƒÒ™�« ÀÌ»ò °‘™�´°‘Ö ˆíºª¥€× ‡òìÅ —°ÍŽòé³. ÄÒ ¸–í�€ã™ �¯¨ —°ä�.