1.1.1 ±Ì‘Ø¥¢ �¹°€î ×ÌÒ‘ì Á� Á� ‹Ñ —µ¦Æ ×ÌÒ‘ì ‚�Å. Ž.à 4000 ŸþÀÏ ‡î¿º¨Å �ÀÍ µ‘ª¦Ö —°‘¥›Ž ƒòéãÚ ×ãѹ³èã Šòé‘�Å. ƒ¹° —µ¦Æ ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ , ‡´°€îþÆ‘ ×€�Æ �¹°€î�è þ°‘òê ºÖþ×ì ×€�Æ  ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�ã‘� ÀÒѹ³ ƒòìÅ �ÞÆ‘³ ºÒ ¶í�, µÀ³ ‚ËÚ —º‘Ïã‘� ƒ€×þÆ �€ÀŽòéî. ƒ€¥ œ›�´³ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ �‘ÒÃÅ, �°ò »ò ×¹° �€¥¢ œ›� �‘ÒÃÅ ƒ€¥¿ºª¥  �‘Ò›�þã. �°í� Ãò½ Ã°í œ›�´ °Áâ ‡î™ �Ï°´ °™� ŸþÀÏ ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�äÖ, ±Ì‘Ø¥ �¹°€îÇò ºÒþ×ì þº‘™��è …ÏבŽÆ ¶€Ò€Æ ºÌ™�¿ ºÌ™�™ �‘«Ò‘Å. ƒ×í€é—ÆÖÒ‘Å Ãíé‘�´ —°‘�´³™ �‘®Å —º‘à³ �›� À¹±Ì‘Æ«´±Ö Øã™�¿ºª¥×‘ì, ƒ€é×ò ‡Ü×‘ì ºÖþ×ì ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�€ã  µ¥´± °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€î€Æ ×ãÑ´³ �›� �×£‘îÅ —×俺ª¨ »Ì�‘�™�À‘ì —œË³èã‘ò ‡òº€° �êÆ Ã¦Žòé³. ƒÜבì �êØïþÒ ‚¦, �×£‘îÅ Ÿ¥Ñ¹—°ÍÆ¢ —œË×þ°  ‚�ÂÆ—Àî, �³ ‡ÖÒ‘ �¹°€î ×ÌÒ‘íêÕÅ �‘« ×ÏÅ Šò—éî, °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€îÇÖ ƒ³ ‡Ü×‘ì µ¥¹³èã³ ‡òº€° Øã™�Å Ã�´°‘þî,±Ì‘Ø¥ —ÀËÆêÚ ×ÌÒ‘ì ‚�ÂÆ´±ò °ÁÝ ×ÌÒ‘ì ‡òé‘Žòé³. ƒ¹° ×ÌÒ‘í€é™ ˜ì°í� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� �¨´°¨´³ þ°‘òêÉèã ƒÒ™ŽÆ ×€��þã ‚°‘Ì¿ —º‘ÏæÀ‘Žòéî.  1.1.2 �€î´€°ÉÅ —°‘�´³ ‹Ñ Ãàœ‘�™ �‘®Å —º‘à³, ºÖþ×ì �¹°î‘þº‘™��è ‡à°í�™ �‘Ì«À‘�, �êÚ ºÖþ×ì ×€�ÇÖ ƒà™�¿ºª¨ —œ¿ºÅ —œËÆ¿ºª¨è〰™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. °ÁÝ �¹°€î ×ÌÒ‘íêò  �鿽 �›�À‘� ƒÏ¿º³ 'ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆÅ' ‡òì(scientific hermeneutics) ˜é×ÏÅ ‹Ñ ÀéÇÆÖ ‡òº€°ÉÅ  �êŽòþé‘Å. ƒ¹° ÀéÇÆ€ÒþÆ Ã€éÇÒ‘�™ —�‘¯¨ �é¹³èã °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€î ƒ°î‘Ö, …Ò�  ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ ‹Ñ �é¿»¥´€° »¦™Žòé³. —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÅ  ‡ñÅ ƒÒ™�« ¸–Ö ƒ¹° ƒÆÓÆ ¸–ÓÆÅ  »€ÝÆ‘³ —œòé ‹Ñ ‚ËÚ ¸–Ö ‡òºþ°‘¨, »í�‘Ò´±Ö ‡à¹° ˆ€îÆ ×ãÑ¢��ª�Å ×Þ �‘ª¦Æ —ºÏ¸–Ö ‡òº³Å �‘«×ÏÅ ‹Ñ þºÏ¯€ÀÆ‘�Å.  1.1.3 ºÌ¹³ Ø͹³ ºÖÒ‘ÇÌ ‚¯¨�äò ×ãÑ¢��€ã �‘ª¦ ¶í�Å ƒ¹° ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�€ã™ �‘®Å þº‘³ �×íê™� ‚°‘ÌÀ‘�, ºÖþ×ì ×€�Æ �êØò —œÒÚ�è ƒÏ¿º€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ›� ƒ¹° �êØò —œÒÚ�þã �êÀ‘î›�è ‡î¿ º�Ì¿º¨Žòéî. (ÀÑ-> À‘Ñ--> À‘ò --> À‘îÅ: �€œ°Ö, —œÖÒÖ, �‘¯�: À̽, ×ÌÚ, ÀÍ, À‘Í þº‘òé€×). ƒ×í€é �ºÌ¢ —œÒÚ�è ‡òìÅ  ºÌ¢—œÒÚ�è ‡òìÅ º�´³, þÀÕÅ �ºÌ¢—œÒÚ�€ã ��À‘îÅ, ½éÀ‘îÅ, ��âÀ‘îÅ ‡òìÅ ƒ×íê™�èþã ƒòñÅ ºÒ ×€�Æ …ª»ÍÚ�€ãÉÅ �‘«Ò‘Å. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥  �êÀ‘î›�äò …¯€À™�¢ œ‘òé‘� µÀ™� °ÁÝ ƒÒ™ŽÆ ×€��þã °™�¢ œ‘òì�ã‘�  ¶íŽòéî.  1.2 þÀí�«™� ¸–í�è  1.2.1 �꿽™�‘ÒÅ Ÿª¨™�‘ÒÅ ‡î×ÏÅ ƒÏ×€� �‘ÒÚ«ÑØò �ª¦Ö ��¿ºª¨, �íéêØîî‘Ž ×ÌÒ‘íì þº‘™Žò À̽ ×Þ¿ºª¨, …ÒŽÆÖ ƒòº›�€ãþÆ —º‘Ïã‘� À±´³ �×í€éþÆ �€¥¹³ �ñºØ´³ ÀŽâ¹±¨Å ×€�ÇÖ …ÇÍò …€Ý¿½™�è ƒÏ™�Å þº‘³, ‚Žòé �êØò —œÒÚ�þã �ºÌÀ‘î›�ã‘�Å. ƒÜ×€� �êÚ …€Ý¿»ò —×俺‘¥‘� �€ÀŽòé ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�þã þÀí�«™� ¸–í�ã‘�Å.  —ºÏź‘Ò‘î œ›� ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è ƒ´°€�Æî. ‡ª¨´—°‘€� º´³¿ º‘ª¨�äÖ ºÍº‘¥Ö, ±ÏÃÏ�‘í쿺€¥ ‚ŽÆ ƒÌ¯€¥´ °ØÑ´³ ˆ€îÆ þÀí�«™� ¸–í�ã‘�Å.  1.2.2 ƒï ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ þÀí�«™� ¸–í�€ãþÆ ÄÒÀ‘�™ —�‘¯¨, ƒÆÓƸ–ÓÆ Ã€éÇÆ€ÒþÆ Ã€éÇÆÒ‘�™ —�‘¯¨, ƒ×íêò †þ¥ —×俺ª¨Å —×俺¥‘³Å �̹³ À€é—º‘Ïã‘�™ Ž¥™�Å —ÀËÇÆÖ½�€ã ¸¯¬±ò ‚˹³ �¯¥êÉÅ �êÀ‘î›�è ƒÒ™�« ¸–í�€ã —×äÇ¥ ³€«Æ‘ ¶íŽòéî. —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÅ ƒ×íêÖ Á�¢ �é¹° Šòé‘�´ ±�âŽòé³. ƒ°í� Š¿º‘î Šòì ƒ³ ×€ÌÇÖ  þ°‘òéØÖ€Ò ‡òº³ �¹±™� þׯ¦Æ Šòé‘�Å. ƒ´°€�Æ �êØò —œÒÚ�€ã ºÌ‘¿ºÌ¢ —œÒÚ�è ‡òì ˜éÒ‘Å--- �ºÌ´±ò †þ¥ Šä¹±Ï™�Å, �þÝ ½€°¹³ Ž¥™�Å ºÌ´€°™ �‘« ÃÆÖ×°‘Ö ƒÜבì. ƒ›� ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è ×Ý™ŽÆÖ —À‘ÞÆ‘�, �ñº×›�äò þµÌ¦ —×俺‘¨�ã‘� �€ÀÉÅ �€×ÉÅ, �×í€é Šª¦  ºÖ×€� �¬ µÒ›�þ㑨 ½Ò×Ñ�è º€¥™�Å º€¥¿»Ò™ŽÆ›�æÅ ‚�Å. ƒ×í€é ƒÆÓƸ–ÓÆÅ »€ÝÆ‘³ ½€°¹³  Ž¥™�Å …ò€À�€ã™ ‚œé™ �¯¨ �×í€é —œËÉè ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�ã‘� ¡´±Ì צØÖ Æ‘´°îÚÅ �¥›�Å.  1.2.3 ƒÜ×‘ì …ÒŽÆÖ ‚˹³ �×íêò …¯€À�€ã´ —°Í¹³ —�‘èãþׯ¨Å ‡òé ÀÅ, �°€îƒÆÓƸ–Ö —µê ×ÞþÆ ‚Æþׯ¨Å ‡òé ÀéÇÆÖ —°äÚÅ, ‚�ÁÆ´±í� Ž€¥´° À‘—ºÏÅ —°äÚ�ã‘Å.  °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€î �™�‘Ò¹—°‘ª¨, ƒÜ×ÞÇþÒþÆ —œòì »éÑ �‘«‘ ºíºÒ —ÀË�€ã™ �¯¨ �é¹³èã³.  1.2.4 —°‘Ö�‘¿»ÆÑ °Å ��´±€« ½é´±€« º‘�º‘¨Å, ƒ×í€é Šòþé‘—¥‘òì —°‘¥Ñ½€¥Æ ˆà   ±€«�ã‘� ×�´°³Å, þÀÕÅ ƒ×íêÖ —°Ë×›�äò ‚ª�ÇÖ �€ÀÉÅ ��¹ ‰¹±€«�ã‘ŽÆ �ê¤� ÃÖ€Ò ÀÏ°Å —µË°Ö º‘€Ò ‡òº×í€é þ×íº¨´± ŠÜÚ׳ µÖÒ³ ‡òì ˆíì ,ƒÜ×‘ì —°Ë×›�äò �Ï㑪� ƒÖÒ‘ €�™Ž€ã —ºÏ¹±€« Šà™�›�€ã µÖÒ°ÖÒ ‡òì Š³™ŽÆ³Å, »í�‘Ò´±Ö °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€îÇò �¦¿º€¥�ã‘� �€À¹³Øª¥î. º‘× ½¯¬Æ ‚ËÚ ƒ°ò �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒþÆ ×ãѹ³è〰™ �‘«Ò‘Å.  1.2.4 ƒ¹° ±€« ×�¿»Ö ƒòñÅ �é¹°—בòì ‡ò€î—Æïò, µÖÒ³ ‡òì �×Ñ�è �¯¥ �¹° ��ò ‰¹±€« Šà™�›�ª� —°Ë×›�è þÀØ ¶òì �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� �€ÀŽòéî ‡òº³ÚÅ, þÀÕÅ ƒ×í€é �ò»ò ‰¹±€« ‡òì Ø㙎ƳÀ‘�Å. �ò»ò �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ �êÚ¥òº‘ª¨¥ò ‡àÅ À™�ã³ Šà™�Å ˆíì™ —�‘è㿺¨º€× ‡òìÅ �´þ°‘¨ ƒ€× —°Ë×´þ°‘Ý€ÀÆ‘Ö µ¥¿ºî ‡òì› ˜êÆ �¹µÒ´°‘Ö, �ò½ ‡àÅ …㿺¯º‘ª¦í�Å �›� —°Ë×›�è þ°‘òê ¶íº°í�Å ‹Ñ —°‘¥Ñ½ …¯—¥î Øã™�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. °ÁÝ¢ œÀÆÅ º™± œÀÆÀ‘�þ× ×ãѹ³èã°í� ƒ™�¯¨ »¦¿½ ‹Ñ �‘Ì«À‘�  ƒÏ™�Ò‘Å.  1.2.5 �¨´³ º‘€Ò´ ±€«€Æ¿ ºíê ×ÌÒ‘íì �鿽Á™� ‹Ñ �꿽À‘�Å. º‘€Ò´ ±€« °ï´³ Øã›�‘³, ˆ€îÆ ±€«�äò †þ¥ ƒÏ™�—À‘òì ‡òé³Å, þÀÕÅ º‘€ÒÇò ±Íþº »é ±€«�è ‡òì› ˜ê¿þº‘¹°³ ×ÌÒ‘íì �鿽Á™� Šò鑎ت¥³. ƒ³ º‘€Ò™� —°Ë×À‘ŽÆ º�Ò×ïò, —�‘íé€×Çò ±Íþ× »é —°Ë× ×¦×›�è ‡òé×‘ì »í�‘Ò´³ —°Ëצכ�€ã¿ ºíê �¹±´³´ —°äÆ �¦þ�‘Ó ƒÏ™Žòé³.  1.2.6 ƒ¹° ¸–í鑯¦ò ƒì±ÆÖ ‡à¹³èã ±Ï×Ϫ�éè, ƒ¹° ƒÌ¯¨ ×€�´ ±€«�þ㑨,��´±€« ½é´±€« ‚ŽÆ×íêò ½€°´±€«Æ‘� …�´±€«€ÆÉÅ, þÀÕÅ ƒ×í€é™ �Ýòì Ÿ´°À‘� �×´±€« ‡òé—בòì �€ÀÉÅ ‡òìÅ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ ×Þ —œòì ƒòñÅ ‚Ý› �¯¨ Ø㙎Éèã³. ƒ¹ ¸–€Ò ±Ï™�éäí� ‡à¹° ‹Ñ þºÏ€ÌÆ‘�Ú› —�‘èãÒ‘Å.  1.3 �â�«™� ¸–í�è  1.3.1  ƒï ƒ¹° ×ÌÒ‘íêò �¨´° ¶€ÒƑ׳, ½é´±€« �¹°€îÇò ×ãÑ¢�Æ‘� �â�«™� ¸–í�äò þ°‘íéÀ‘�Å. …èãÅ �ºÌ¢ —œÒØÖ ��¿ºª¨ ��À‘îÅ ½éÀ‘îÅ ×Þ¢ —œòì ºíºÒ �ñº×›�€ã¿ —ºíì �×í€é ‚±�´³™�ã‘�™ —�‘¯¨, �¹±´³´ —°ä¹³ �¹°�´³�ã‘™Ž ‹Ñ×€�Æ �¤£‘î ƒÏ€ã ��´±Ï¹³  þº‘™ŽÆ¿»ò, �¿º€¥¿ºª¥ �ñº×›�äÖ …×Ñ¿½ °ª¥, ºÌ¢ —œÒØò —°‘¥™�À‘� ��âÀ‘î¢ —œÒÚ�äÖ ‚Ñ×Å »é¿º€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ›� ‚±�´³™�è ‡òºî �¹°€î€Æ è™�Å —°ä×íé £‘îÚ±¿½™�ã‘�Å. ƒ€×þÆ �¹±´³´ —°ä¹³ ‚œé �êÆ¿º¨Åþº‘³ �¹°�´³™�ã‘Žòéî.  1.3.2 ��âÀ‘î¢ —œÒÚ �ñºØ´³ ºÒ×‘ì ³–Ë´³ ÀŽÝ¿º¨º×íêÖ µ¹µÆÅ Æ‘³, �°í�¿ ½éź‘î �¹µÆÅ Æ‘³ ‡òé µÆØœ‘Ì€«Æ‘�´ —°‘¥›�Žòé³. »í�‘Ò´±Ö ƒ³þ× �òÀØœ‘Ì€«Æ‘�, º‘× ½¯¬Æ Øœ‘Ì€«Æ‘� ×ãѹ³èã³. º±—«¯  �â�«™� ¸–í�è ƒ¹°¢ —œÒØò ºÖþ×ì º¦¶€Ò�€ã º¥Å »¦´³™ �‘ª¨Žòéî. ƒ×íêÖ Á�¢ �é¹°—בòé‘�, …Ò� ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ °î™—�î ‹Ñ �é¿»¥´€°™ —�‘¯¨èã°‘�´ ±�â׳ —°Ë׿ ½Ò€À ±Ï×èæ×Íò ±Ï™�éã‘�Å. ÿº‘€Ò™ —�‘¯¥°‘� Øã›�Å ƒ³, ‡ÖÒ‘¿ º‘Ö�äÕÅ µ¹µÆ¿ —º‘Ï€ãþÆ Ø㙎¢ —œÖŽòé³. ‹Ñ×€�ÇÖ Ã¿º‘ÕÅ �é´³º‘þÒÆ‘�Å.  1.3.3 ƒÜØÒ™ŽÆ›�è �ºÌ¢—œÒØò ×Þ �êÆ×ÏÅ —º‘ÏãêØ€î —º‘Ë—Æòì Š³™�‘³,  �´þ°‘¨ �ºÌ¢—œÒØò �ñº´±ÕÅ �±� ³–ÌÃÅ —œÖÒ‘³Å ºÌ¢—œÒÚÅ —œËÆ‘³Å, º‘×Å ½¯¬ÆÅ ‡òº×í€é Ÿ€× �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ, 'ƒïÆ' 'ƒòî‘' ‡òé �Ï´³�äò �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒþÆ µÆØœ‘Ì€« —œËŽòéî. ƒïÆ ƒòî‘ ‡òºî, �Ÿ´°À‘Æ‘ —º‘Ϫ�€ã Ÿ€×´°Ò‘Ö ‡àÅ …«ÑÚ�ã‘�Å. º‘Ñ€× —º‘êÓÆ¿ º‘Ñ€×ÇþÒþÆ ƒÏ¿º±ò ƒÜבì. ±Ï×èæ×Ñ Ã´±¿ þºþé æבî þºÍòº ¶€Ò ‡òì º�Ì‘³, �´°€�Æ ‚ËÚ�äÖ ²Ì ØÝ‘³, �éÚ«ÑØò �¦¿º€¥ÇþÒþÆ °‘ò —ºíé £‘î´  —°äÚ�€ã ±Ï™�éäÖ Ã€éº¨´± ƒÏ¿º³, Ÿ€×É«ÑØò µÆØœ‘Ì€«™� þÀþÒ ƒòñÅ œíì ‚ÝÅ —œÖ×°‘�Å.  1.3.4 �é´±í� ðò€À °ÏÅ �â�«™� ¸–í�è, —°Ë×›�€ã þº‘íìŽòé—°ïñÅ, —°Ë×›�€ã —°‘à°Ö þׯ¥íº‘Ò³ ‡òì ×í½ì´±¦ñÅ, ‚ÝÀ‘î ƒÏØ€î ‚ËÚÅ, µÖÒ³ ²Æ³ ‡òì …ÇÑ�è Øþ׎´³ �êÆ �¦¿º€¥Æ‘� ƒ€éÆ‘€«þÆ ƒÏ™Žòé³ ‡òº€° —°äב� �êÆ‘³Å ƒÏ¹±Ï™ŽòéîÑ.  ƒÜÚ¯€À º™± �‘Ò´±þÒþÆ —°äבŽÆ Šòé‘�Å. ƒÏº‘ƒÏº³ ‡òñÅ —ÀË�¯¥ ¸–ÓÖ Á� Á� ‚ÝÀ‘� Øœ‘Í™�¿º¨Å ŠòìÀ‘�Å.  1.3.5 °ÁÞÒ™ŽÆ ×ÌÒ‘íêÖ, ºÍº‘¥Ö þº‘òé œ›� ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�ª�¿ »é� ‚â¹° ƒ€é£‘î´þ°‘¨ ½±Æ°‘� ³é×é´€°ÉÅ ×í½ì´³Å ½³€À€Æ ±Ï™�éäÖ Ã°òÀéÆ‘� �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. �´þ°‘¨ ƒ›� —°‘¯¨ ÀÆÀ‘î ³é×é´±í� À‘é‘�, ½Ò�´€° ×í½ì´³Å �×þÆ‘�´ —°‘¥Ñº‘î ³é×é´€°þÆ —ºÍ³Å �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.  1.3.6 ±Ï™�éäò °ï¢ �鿺‘׳, ב♀�Çò ‡ÖÒ‘ ³€é�€ãÉÅ ¶€î´³, �×íêÖ �Ý�º¥ ¶í�Å �€î´€°ÉÅ —°‘�´³ µÖב♀� ‡òé‘Ö ‡òî? µíº¯º‘¨ ‡òé‘Ö ‡òî? ‡òº€° Øã™� Ãíºª¦Ï¿º°‘�Å. ƒÜ×€�ÇÖ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´±ò —º‘Ïã±�‘Ì´±ò …ªŽ¥™€�þÆ‘¨ ƒ³ Š´³¿ þº‘Žòé³; �°ò ½±Æ ×ãÑ¢� ¶€ÒÆ‘�ÚÅ —°òº¨Žòé³.