1.0 �Ïäò ðò€À  3.1.1 ‡Ü×‘ì °�¹° ¸–Õ´±�€ã¿ €�Æ‘¯¨ ¸–Ö ¸°ÓÆ€° ½Í¹³ —�‘èã æŽòéþ°‘, ‡Ü×‘ì °�¹° ‚™�Ú´±�€ã™ €�Æ‘¯¨ ¶€î´° ¸–Ó€î ¶€î´° צØÖ Æ‘´³ —×íê �€¥Æ æŽòéþ°‘, �þ°¿ þº‘òì ºíºÒ À¹±Ì °¹±Ì ‡¹±Ì ×Þº‘¨�äò ×Þ, ƒ€é£‘î´€° �€¥ÆæÉÅ ‡òé —œÏ™þ�‘¨ �´°Ñ º‘ÌźÍÆÅ ×ãѹ°³. ƒ€éÆÏ€ã �±�Å À±™�‘³ °�¹° …´±�ã‘Ö ¶€î´°€° �€¥Æ æÉÅ ‡òé ב°Å —ÀË�¯¥ œ¹°±Çîí� ˆí½€¥´°‘�¿ º¥ØÖ€Ò. ƒ€éÆÏäòê —ÀË£‘îÁÖ€Ò ‡òé …¯€ÀÇÓϹ³ �×Ñ�è ØÒ�‘³,—°Ë× ×Þº‘ª€¥ ×í½ì´±Æ×Ñ�ã‘� Øã›�Žòé‘Ñ�è. �þ° —º‘à³ ‡¹±ÌØÆÖ, °¹±ÌØÆÖ, À¹±ÌØÆÖ þº‘òé ³€é�äò —ºÏÅ ×ãÑ¢�€Æ™�¯¨,  ƒ€éÆπ㠄ª¥´°ÏÅ ×Þº‘ª¦Æ€Ò Á�´ ²ØÌÀ‘� ‚̑˹³ �×íêò ƒÆÖ½�€ã¿ ºíê —ºÏÅ —ºÏÅ ¸–í�€ã Æ‘™�´ —°‘¥›ŽîÑ ‡òº€°ÉÅ �‘«Ã¦Žòé³. ƒ°ò °ï¿ºª¥ ×ãÑ¢�€Æ —µ¨�™ �‘« æ¹°‘ÕÅ, º±î‘›�‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ …À‘º± �ב¢œ‘ÍÆ‘Íò �׿»Ì�‘œÅ —°‘¥›Ž, º±€î¹°‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ �íéÅºÒ µ‘¦�è º±î‘é‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ °´³×¿»Ì�‘œÑ, �¯�ª¦ À€é£‘î œÅº¹°Ñ º±þîÝ‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ ƒþÌ׫�´°Ñ þº‘òþé‘Ñ ¸–í�äÕÅ ƒòñÅ ºÒ ƒ´°€�Æ ¸–í�äÕÅ Á� Á� ØÍב�™ �‘«Ã¦Žòé³. ºÒ �Ï œÅ»Ì°‘Æ›�æÅ, �Ï À�‘  œòï°‘î™�æÅ þ°‘òì°í� ƒ³þ× �‘Ì«À‘Žòé³ ‡òº€°É› �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.  3.1.2 —ÀË�¯¥ œ‘´±Ì›�è ‡òì º�Ì¿º¨Å �¹° º±î‘›� œ‘´±Ì›�äÕÅ, �Ïäò ðò€ÀºÌ™�¿ ºÌ™� ØÍ™�¿ ºª¨è〰™ �‘«Ò‘Å.ƒ×íêÖ Á�¿ ºÝ€ÀÆ‘î, ºï—̯¥‘Å ¸–í鑯¦€î þœÑ¹°°‘�™ �Ï°™˜¦Æ ±ÏÚ¹±Æ‘ÍÖ �Ïäò ðò€À ƒÜבì �ê™�¿º¨Žòé³.   ÀÏæ¹ —°Ïæ Àé™� À×ò�¯   �Ï€ã Àéבþ° ɹ±ºé   �³þ×Ç› �èã—°ò ì¹±ºé  (18)  ‡òìÅ   �×ò ƒ×ò ‚î³ �×ò �Ïã‘Ö �ÖÒ³   ƒ×ò ‚�‘ò ‡òì …¹±ºÌ   ‡òìÅ ƒ×þî ‡òì …¹±ºé  ‡òìÅ »éבìÅ �ê¿»¥¿ º¨Žòé³. ƒ€éÆÏã‘þÒþÆ ‹Ñ ‚òÀ‘ ºŸØÆÖ½ —�¨´³ �×ØÆÖ½ —ºíì Ù¨þºì ÀŽÝæÉÅ ‡òé ƒ™�Ï´þ°, €œ× �´°‘¹°´±ò €ÀÆ™ �Ï´°‘� ×ãѹ³èã³. „ª¥¿º¥ þׯ¦Æ³ ƒ€éÆÏþã; �°í�´ °‘ò œÀÆ ×‘â™€� ‡òì œÀÆ ×‘â™€�Çò �¦¿º€¥�æÅ �Ïè „ª¥Óò ×Þ Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³.  3.1.3 þÀþÒ ‹°¿ºª¥ ±ÏØÆÕ–Ñ …ËÆ×¹° þ°×Íò À‘«×Ì‘ŽÆ ±Ï™�¥ÛÑ …ËÆ×¹° þ°×Íò Á�¢ �鿺‘î, �¯®€¥Æ ×èãÒ‘Ì‘Ö —ºÍ³Å ºÇÒ¿ºª¥ ±Ï™�äí쿺¦Æ‘ÍÕÅ ƒ™�Ï´³ Á�ÚÅ ×í½ì´°¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. �‘ª¥‘� Šòì:   ‚�À›�è ‡›þ� �ìœÀƹ°‘ò ‡›þ�   þÆ‘�›�è ‡›þ� …«ÑÚ ‡›þ�-- º‘�´³   �Ïè צ׹ °‘ñÀ‘Ë ‚¯¦ÒþîÖ �¹°¿   —ºÏצ€× Æ‘Ñ �ê×‘Ñ þºŸ (5)  ‡òì �Ï€ã �Å€ÀþÆ‘¨ ƒ€«´³ ƒ€é×€î ƒ°ò �‘Ì«À‘� �Å€ÀÆ¿ºÌ‘�þ× °Í�™Žòé‘Ñ. ‚�À›�è œÀÆ›�è þÆ‘�—îê�è ºÖþºì �¹°€î ×㿺›�è ‡ÖÒ‘þÀ �Ïäò —×俺‘¨ ‡òì ˜é¿º¨×€°ÉÅ �‘¯�.  3.1.4 —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ �‘Ò´±ÕÅ, �×̳ °€Ò À‘«×Ñ �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ �‘Ò´±ÕÅ,  º¯€¥Æ �´°Ñ ÀÌ»îÍò °‘™�°Ö Á�ÚÅ —ºÍ°‘� ƒÏ¹±Ï™� þׯ¨Å. ±ÏÄÒÍò  —µ¦Æ ºÌźÍÆÅ ºÖþ×ì ×€�ÇÖ ×ãѹ³èã€À€Æ ºÒ ×ÌÒ‘íì �꿽™�ã‘Ö   �êŽòþé‘Å. �×£‘î�´±Æ‘ÍÖ  ×ÏÅ ‹Ñ º‘¥Ö ƒ°í�¢ œ‘òé‘� �€ÀŽòé³.  À¹±Ì´°‘Ö ÀϹ³�ã‘Ö ×‘Ë´° þÆ‘�´°‘Ö  À¬ ƒÌ° �ä€�Çî‘Ö ÀíìÅ ÀíìÅ  °¹±Ì´þ° —œ‘òîÃ€é —œËÆ þ×°  œ�Ò�€Ò £‘î›�è ±Í�‘Ò £‘îÅ  �¹°ÁÖÒ‘ �¬À‘± £‘î›�è ‡ÖÒ‘Å  �€¥¹±¨Å ‚œ‘ò �Ïã‘Ö �¦þœÑ£‘îÅ  ×¹±¨Å Àíì Šòé‘ÕŠב̑³ ‚�Å  Àí€é€×ÉÅ �×ò �Ïã‘Ö ÀÏÚÅ �òþé. (327)  3.1.5 �Ïä€î¿ ºíê �³ Æ‘¯¨Å „œï¥ÁϹ³ »Í™� ב̑ œ´±—Æ—î —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ °î³ �×£‘îþº‘°´±Ö ‹Í¥´±Ö µòé‘� Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ.   �Ïè …¯¥‘Å �³ „œí� �´± �òþé   �ÏæÅ �×ïòê ƒÖ€Ò-- �Ïäòê   �×ò �òþé ÇÖ€Ò �Ϫ�¯«‘Ñ �¯®™�   ƒÌØ þº‘Ö ¶í�Å �Ìò ˆË¹³ (¡´±ÌÅ 5)  �Ïè ‡òº³ „œí� Æ‘¯¨Å »Í™� ב̑ ×€�ÇÖ �€À¹³èã œ´±, �¹° œ´±ÉÅ „œïòê  ƒÖÒבÅ. ƒÜבé‘î �Ϫœ´±Ç€îþÆ �¯«‘�™ —�‘¯¨ �‘¯º‘Ñ™�ÖÒ³, ºÌ�×ò Šäצ×Ö —×亥‘ò ‡òºþ° ƒ¹° …°‘Ì« —ׯº‘Øò —º‘Ïã‘�Å.  3.1.5 ƒ™�Ï´€°þÆ �Ï«¹±Æ‘Ñ ƒòñÅ �ê³ ØÍ´³ °À³ �´±Æ‘ÍÖ œ´± ׫™�Å ˜ìÅ Ã�´°‘Ö ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ.  „œò �Ïè ƒ¢€œ �êÚ ƒÆíéÖ ƒòºÅ  ƒÒÆ—À‘¨ þº‘�Å �±�‘ÌÀ‘Ž´  þ°Ÿ …Ï×Å �ÏÚÏ×Å �Ï×ÃÀ‘Ž  þ°ØÉÀ‘Ë´ þ°œ—À‘¨ —œÖ×À‘Ž¿  þºœÍÆ …Ç€Ì ‡ÖÒ‘Å —ºíì þµ‘™Ž¿  —ºÏÅþº‘�Å �€× �ä´³¿ »é¿»€îÉÅ ŠÞ´±ª¨  ‚œ�ÕÅ �¦ÆÑ …èã´³ �¿ºñ¥ò ƒÏ™�Å  �ò€î �Ϫ º‘°ÀÒÑ —œòï €×¿º‘Å.  �Ïè ‡ñÅ œ´± ƒ¢œ‘£‘îŽÍÆ‘ —œ‘лƑŽ, ‡ÖÒ‘×€� þº‘�´±í�Å Š¨™�´±í�Å �‘Ì«À‘Ž …Ï �Ï �ÏÚÏ ‡òé×‘ì …Ò�´±Ö —À˺¨—º‘Ïã‘� …ã°‘�Å �€î´±í�Å ÄÒÀ‘Ž. �€î´³×€� …ÇÑ�€ãÉÅ „ò—騙�Å „îò€îÆ‘Ž, þÀÒ‘î þº‘�›�€ã´ °¹³ ÀÒÀ‘Ÿ™�€ã ‚òÀ‘™�è ÿ™Ž Ÿ´°À‘Ž¥ …°ÚÅ �Å€À, �¿ºñ¥þîþÆ Æ‘¯¨Å ƒÏ¿ºè ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. �Ïè ‡òº³ ‹Ñ œ´±Æ‘�, —º¯º‘Ö �Å€ÀÆ‘� ƒ›� �Ï°¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�.  ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ �Ï´³™�è ±¨—Àî Àã™�ØÖ€Ò. —µ¦Æ ‹Ñ ×ÌÒ‘íì¿ »òî¬ ƒ×íêí� …¯¨.  2.0 œ›� ƒÒ™ŽÆ´±Ö �Ïè  3.2.1 �Ïè ‡ñÅ —œ‘Ö Á�¿ º¯€¥Æ ×ÌÒ‘ì …€¥Æ³. ŸþÀÏ °ÁÞÖ �ÏÚø (arhus) ‡òé —œ‘Ö �Ïã‘ãò �ò½ ¶€é¹°×ò ‡òé —º‘ÏäÖ ºÇÖŽòé³. Ž.Ã. Äòé‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ —°‘Ö�‘¿»Æ´±Ö �í»ÆÓÖ °€ÒØÇò ƒÒ™�«›�€ã™ ˜é ×¹°×Ñ,  �Ïè ù³ì´° �ò½ —º‘± ŽãØ  —º‘Ï躥 —À‘Þ°Ö ŽÝþבª�Å …Í´þ°  ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. �Ïè ��´þ° —×俺ª¨ ¶í�, ‚›� �ò½Å —×俺ª¨ ¶í�Å ‡òì ˜é¿º¨×³ œ›�´ °ÁÝÑ�äò �Ϫþ�‘ªº‘¥‘� Øã›�Žòé³. þÀÕÅ ƒ›� —º¯º‘þÒ‘¨ —°‘¥Ñ½ º¨´°¿º¨×€°É› �‘¯�. »í�‘Ò´±Ö, �×£‘î�´±Æ‘Ñ þº‘òé ¸–í�äÖ �Å€ÀÉ¥þîþÆ �Ïè �Ï°¿º¨Žòé³ ‡òº€° þÀþÒ �¯þ¥‘Å.�Ïè ‡òº³  …èã´±Ö ƒÏ¿º³ ‚î‘Ö ½€°¹³ Ž¥¿º±ò, œ‘°‘Ì« ÀéÇÖ —×亥‘þ° Ž¥™�Å Šòì ‡òé �Ï´³Å ƒ¢¡´±Ì´±Ö —×俺ª¦Ï¿º€°™ �‘¯�. °™� ¡â¶€Ò�è »é™�´°‘ò �Ïè  Ã¹³íì �ò½ —º‘± —œ‘í�è »é™� ˆ³×‘Žòé³.`  3.2.2 µÆØœ‘Ì€«Çò þ°‘íé´€° œ›� �‘Ò ½é´±€« º‘¥Ö�æè ºÌ™�¿ ºÌ™�™ �‘«Ò‘Å. ‚›� �ò»ò ÄÒÀ‘� ƒÏ™�Å �Ïè ù³ì´°Ö ºÒ ƒ¥›�äÖ �ê™�¿ ºª¨èã³. µÍ—×Ð…´°€ÒÆ‘Ñ þœÌÖ ƒÏÅ—º‘€é€Æ ½�â¹³ º‘¨Åþº‘³,   �ÏæÅ �ò½Å ÿ™Ž ÿ›�‘   ¶ÌÆ› —�‘èº×þÌ‘¨ Šò鑳 �‘×Ö   �ÝØ —�‘èº×Íò ‹Å½À±   �äþ°‘ °‘þî �³ —ºéÖ �Ï›�€Ì´þ°  (½éÅ 5)  ƒ›� �Ïè ‡òº³ °‘Ë€À �«´þ°‘¨ �¹±™�¿ º¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. þÀÕÅ �Ïè ��´þ° —×俺ª¨ ¶í�´°‘ò ½¯¬Æ Ø€î�ã‘�¿ ºÒ —œËÆ Ã¦Žòé³ �°î‘Ö ¶ÌÆÅ ½�°ÕÅ °ØÑ™�¿ º¨Žòé³ ‡òé µÆØœ‘Ì€«Çò ˜ì�è �Ò ƒ›� —×俺¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.  �Ïè ù³ì´³ ¶í� ‚ª� —œË°Ö ‡òº³Å ‡ä±ò ×ÏÅ ŠòìÀÖÒ, �ͱò ÃÆòì  …€Ý¿º‘Ñ ��´þ°°‘ò �³ —×俺ª¨ ¶í�Å ‡òìÅ ˜é¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�. ‚ÇñÅ ƒ›� ‡¿º¦¿ºª¥ …€Ý¿½ þ°€× ‡òì Øã™�¿º¥ØÖ€Ò.  3.2.3 �¥½ÒØÆî‘Ñ º‘¯¦Æò —µ¨¤—œÞÆ€î¿ º‘¦Æþº‘³ °´³×¢ �¹°€î�è ¶€é¹° �â×ÏÅ º�± �‘«¿º¨Žòé³.   —œÖÕÅ …Ò�´³¢ —œÖ×Å þׯ¦ñÅ   £‘Ò› �‘×ÒÑ þ°‘è×Ó ÃÏ™Ž   ŠÏÿ Æ‘�Ö þׯ¦ñ¤ �é¹°   µÖÓ€œ ¶ì´°Ö þׯ¦ñÅ Àíé°ò   °�± þ�äï Á�± Æ‘ã   ÿÍòê �€ÀÆ‘ Æ‘™€�™ —�ÖÒ‘Å   …¯¦ —�‘¨´þ°‘Ñ …ÇÑ —�‘¨´þ°‘þÌ  ......    (½éÅ 18)  ƒ›� �Ïè ‡òé —œ‘Ö ºÇґت¥‘ÕÅ �ò½ —×俺ª¨ ¶í�Å ×€�Æ‘î —œÆÖ�€ã¢ —œË×þ° ‡¿þºíºª¥ °€Ò×ñ™�Å þׯ¦Æ³ ‡òì …«Ñ´°¿º¨Žòé³. »é€Ì —×òì °‘ò �é™� ØÏŽŠ‹Ñ ÙÌñ™�Å �ò»ò �¦¿º€¥ÇÖ �Ϫ—œÆÒ‘�¿ ºÒ —œËÆ¿º¥þׯ¨Å ‡òì ×í½ì´°¿ º¨×€°™ �‘¯�. ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ —œÆÖ�þã »í�‘Ò´±Ö œÍ€Æ�äÖ ‹Ñ×€�Æ‘� —�‘㿺ª¨è〰ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.  3.2.4 œ›�¿ ½ÒÑ×Ñ�äÖ »í�‘Ò´³ €œ× �´°‘¹° —�‘è€��ª� Á� �®™�À‘î×Ì‘�´ ±�âº×Ñ, ó�¯«ò œ‘´°î‘Ì‘�Å. þœ‘Ýò µÖ›Žèä€Æ º‘¦Æ¿ º‘ª¦Ö �â �‘®Å ×Í�è �‘«¿º¨Žòéî.   ............þœª—œòï µã›Žèä   þ°Ë°Ö …¯€ÀÉÅ —ºÏ�Ö …¯€ÀÉÅ   À‘Ë°Ö …¯€ÀÉÅ »é´°Ö …¯€ÀÉÅ   �êÆ‘ þ°‘€ÌÉÅ �êÆ™ �‘ª¦´   ±›�è ½´þ°è ±Í°ÏÅ …Ò�´³   ×ÖÒ‘ Ì‘ÇñÅ ×ÖÕµ Ì‘ÇñÅ   ×Ϲ± ×¹þ°‘Ñ ÀÏ›� þµ‘™Ž   �Ïã ×Ö€Ò Æ‘�À±  ........   (½éÅ 26)  ƒ›� …Ò�´³ �¦¿º€¥  —ÀËÆêÚ …¯€À�€ã, �íé×Ñ À‘ª¨Å �ÖÒ‘°×Ñ À‘ª¨Å ØÏ¿º¿ºª¨ ×Ϲ± þ�ª¥‘Ö, �×Ñ�ª� ‡ÜØ° °€¥ÉÁòê �êÆ™ �‘ª¥Ö �Ϫ—œË€�Æ‘� —�‘㿺¨Žòé³.  ƒÜבé‘î £‘°´³ �Ï´³™�è ‹Ñ �Ìœñ™� º�Ì¿º¨Å �é—µê �Ï´³�ã‘� ƒ›�  Î⹱Ͽº³ �¯¨ ÀŽÝ´ °™�°‘�Å. £‘îŽ�ª¥Ö �êÆ™�‘ª¥Ö ‡òº°‘� þº‘°î‘ÀéþÆ‘¨ ƒ«™�¿ º¨×³Å ×ÌÒ‘íì �鿽Á™� Šòé‘�Å. °ÁÝ¢ �¹°€îÇÖ œÀÆ ×‘â™€� º¯þ¥ ƒÆÓƸ–ÓÆÅ ºª¥ �êØÆÖ ³€éÆ‘� ×ãÑ×°í� ƒ´°€�Æ �Ï´³™�þã �‘Ì«À‘� ƒÏ¹±Ï™Žòéî.  3.0 �â�«™ŽÖ �Ïè  3.3.1 œ›�Å ÀÏØÆ �‘Ò´±Ö ‡à¹° �â�«™� ¸–í�äÖ �π㿠ºíêÆ �Ï´³ œÀÆ ×‘â™€�þÆ‘¨, �êØò ��âÀ‘î¢ —œÒþב¨ �¹±™�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ‚î‘Ö œÀÆÚ«ÑÚ ƒòñÅ —×俺¥‘³ ½€°É¯¥ ¶€ÒÇþÒþÆ ƒÏ¿º€°ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ƒ×íêÖ ±Ï™�éþã �π㿠ºíê Á� �鿺‘î ºÒ �Ï´³™�€ã —�‘¯¦Ï™Žòé³. ±Ï×èæ×Ñ ƒ°í—�î ³é×é ƒÆÓÖ ‹Ñ �±�‘Ì´€°þÆ Š³™Ž ƒÏ™Žòé‘Ñ. �×íêÖ �Ïè „ª¥€Ò  �ò—º‘¨Å �é´—°‘¨Å —°‘¥Ñ½ º¨´³Å �þ° —º‘ೠבñÒ�  ב♀�þÆ‘¨ —°‘¥Ñ½ º¨´³Žòé‘Ñ. ƒ¿º‘Ö ×‘â™€� �¿º‘Ö ×‘â™€� ‡òé ×€�ÇÖ  ב♀�€Æ ƒÏ ˜íêî°‘�™ �¯¨, �°€îþÆ ƒÖÒéÅ ³é×éÅ ‡òì› —�‘¯¨, �¿º‘Ö …Ò�‘ŽÆ בñÒŽí�,³éØÆÒ‘Ö ×ÏÅ —°Ë×ÚÒŽí� �Ïè þׯ¥¿º¨Å ‡òì µØÖŽòé‘Ñ.    �Ïè ƒÖÒ‘Ñ™� �ÜÚÒ�Å ƒÖ€Ò- —º‘Ïè ƒÖÒ‘Ñ™�    ƒÜÚÒ�Å ƒÖÒ‘Ž Æ‘›�  ‡òì ˜ê —º‘Ïè þœÑ´°Ö �Ïè „ª¥Ö ‡òì À‘ï¥ ÃÆí��€ã ƒÏ×€�¿ º¨´±, ³éØÆÖ œ‘òé ב♀� �Ïè „ª¨Å ב♀� ‡òìÅ �³þ× �ÜÚÒ�À‘ŽÆ —°Ë×ÚÒ�´³ ¸€ÝÚ °ÏÅ ‡òŽòé‘Ñ ƒ™�éäÖ. þÀÕÅ µ‘Å þ°¥™˜¦Æ —œÖ×´³è �Ϫ—œÖ×þÀ þ°¥íº‘Ò³, ¾ÍÆÑ �¯®Å …èã—º‘Ϫ—œÖ×ÀÖÒ ‡òì —º‘ÏäÆí �¹€°þÆ‘¨ (economic calculations) �Ï媥€Ò �ÒŸŽòé‘Ñ.  3.3.2 ±Ï™�éäÖ ƒò—î‘Ï ˜é‘�™ Ž¥¿º³ …ãØÆÖ œ‘òé �Ò ¸ªº›�ã‘�Å. �ϗ㑨 ½«Ñ¹° —µ¤�î‘Ñ™� Àîþ×°€î�æÅ �Ò™�›�€ãÉÅ °Ì™˜¦Æ ƒòî‘ÚÒ�Å ½�°Ö ƒÖ€Ò ‡òŽòé‘Ñ ºÒ ƒ¥›�äÖ.    �ÖÒÖ �Ïè ‚èבљ� ƒÖ€Ò, ×ä ×Ý›�Å    ÀÖÒÖ À‘£‘ÒÅ �Í    �Ïè þœÑ¹° —µ¤�î‘Ñ™� ƒÖ€Ò ƒÏè þœÑ¹°    ƒòî‘ …Ò�Å ½�Ö    Àò …ÇÑ ‹Å» �Ïè ‚èבљ� ƒÖ—Òòº    °ò …ÇÑ �¤ŸÅ Ø€î  ‡ò—éÖÒ‘Å …ãØÆÖ ¸ªº´þ°‘¨ ÀîÅ �€À±Éíì ‚î¹°À‘Ë ƒÏ¿º°í� �Ïþã‘Å» בâ°Ö þׯ¨Å ‡òŽòé‘Ñ.  3.3.3 Žâ�«™� ¸–í�äÖ �鿺‘ŽÆ µ‘ҦƑÍÖ �π㿠ºíê �±�Å ˜é¿º¥ØÖ€Ò. ‚ÇñÅ µ‘òÀ¬�¦€� ‡ñÅ ±ÏÀ‘ÓÆÅ œ‘ѹ° µÖÒ—×‘Ï ¸–ÓÖ �π㿠ºíê ±Ï™�é€ã¿ þº‘òþé �¹±™�º¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.    �ÖÓÖ »é™�Å �±Ñ À¬; �‘°Ó    —œ‘ÖÓÖ »é™�Å …ÆÑ À°Å; —ÀÖ—Òò    �ÏäÖ »é™�Å �é—îê; ‡ÖÒ‘Å    —º‘ÏäÖ »é¹³Ø¨Å  ‡òì —Àò€ÀÆ‘î º¯»í�Å �éÚ«Ñþב¨ בâ°í�Å  ÄÒÀ‘� �Ïè —�‘㿺¨×þ°‘¨, —º‘ÏäÆ¢ �¹€°þÆ‘¨ �³ ƒ€«™�¿º¨Žòé³.  3.3.4 ƒþ°¿þº‘òé �Ï´³™�€ã µÖÒ‘°î‘Ñ ‡òº‘Íò ±Í�¨�Å ‡ñÅ ±ÏÀ‘ÓÆÅ œ‘òé ¸–ÓñÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.    �Ïä€î —µ¤œ´³ �€¥—�‘¥‘°‘ñÅ    —º‘Ïä€î´ ³Üבò ½€°´³ €×¿º‘ñÅ    ƒé¹³ ƒòî‘ —œ‘ÖÒŽíº‘ñÅ ƒÅ Ä×Ñ    »é¹³ »é¹±Ò°‘Ñ    (89)    „°í�¢ —œË� —º‘Ï€ã; �é —µê    þœÑ°í�¢ —œË� —ºÏ ¸–€Ò; Æ‘³Å    �Ïè ½Í¹³ —œ‘ÖÕ� —œ‘Ö€Ò; ƒÅ ÄòìÅ    ƒÏè …Ò�Å þœÌ‘° ‚ì  (90)  ‡òì —º‘ÏäÆ¢ �¹€°þÆ‘¨Å …ãØÆÖ �¹€°þÆ‘¨Å �ò—º‘¨ À™�䀥 …éב¨°í� �Ïè �€¥´° —µ¤œÅ þׯ¥íº‘Ò—°òì ˜é¿º¨Žòé³. ƒÜבþé ˆ€îÆ Žâ�«™� ¸–í�äÕÅ  …ÒŽÆÖ ×‘â™€�™�Å Ãíé‘î œÀÆ ×‘â™€�™�Å ‹Ñ ƒ€¥¿ºª¥ ¶€ÒÇÖ ³éØÆÖ �¹€°—Æ‘¨ �Ïè ‡ñÅ �Ï´³ ×ãÑ×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. ‚ÇñÅ ƒ°í� �¨´° ×¹° º´± �‘Ò´±Ö �Ïè ‡ñÅ �Ï´³ ƒòñÅ ƒòñŠÙŽÆÀ‘î Šòé‘�, œÀÆ  ב♀�™� �¦¿º€¥Æ‘î Šòé‘� ½Í¹³ —�‘㿺¨×€°™ �‘«Ã¦Žòé³.  4.0 …Ò—�Ò‘Å ‚èØ™�Å �Ïè  3.4.1 º´± ƒÒ™ŽÆ›�è ��âÀ‘î¢ —œÒØò ‚Ý›�è ºÒ �¯¥ ±é´±ò, �Ïè ºíêÉÅ ½±Æ ºÒ ¸®™�›�ã´ °Ï×°‘ÉÅ �€ÀŽòéî. ƒ×íêÖ �ê¿»¥´°�×Ñ�ã‘� �‘€Ì™�‘Ö �Å€ÀÆ‘Ñ Øã›�Žòé‘Ñ. º´± ƒÒ™ŽÆ´±í� °‘ò º€¥´° Ä´° ±Ï¿º±�´°‘Ö ‹Ñ ×¦Ú —�‘¨´³ …°ØÆ ƒÜ×Å€ÀÆ‘Ñ, °î³ Á� �鿺‘î �í½° ±Ï×¹°‘±ÇÖ, �π㿠ºíêÉÅ ƒ³×€Ì ˜é¿º¥‘ ºÒ ½³€À�€ãÉÅ ˜ìŽòé‘Ñ. �ò—º‘¨Å �é—Å, ³éØÆÖ ×‘â™€�ÇÖ „ª¥¿º¨ —º‘Ïã‘�ÚÅ �‘«¿ºª¥ �Ïè ƒ›�  …Ò—�Ò‘Å ‚èØ¿º³ ‡òé ÃÝ›�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.    �Ïþã …Ò—�Ò‘Å  ‚èØ¿º³ „œò    �Ïþ㠻鿽 �쿺°‘î‘Ö-- �Ïã‘þÒ    —ÀË¿—º‘Ï€ã þµ‘™�Šرɀ¥þÆò ‡¤£‘òìÅ    ‡¿—º‘ÏæÅ ‚׳ ‡î™� (�í½.9)  ƒÖÒéÅ ³é×éÅ ‡òìÅ »éבìÅ ×ÏŠב♀�Çò ‡ÖÒ‘×€�™ ˜ì�€ãÉÅ ¶ì´³×³ �Ïþã; �¹° �Ïþ㠻鿻€î´ °Ï×þ°‘¨ �°€î �ì™�×ÖÒ —ÀË£‘î´€°É¹ °ÏÅ; ƒ°î‘þÒ �¹° �Ïþã …°× —ÀË¿—º‘Ïè Æ‘—°òì °´³× Øœ‘Ì€«ÇÖ ØàŠرÉÅ ×¹°€ÀÆ, �¹° —ÀË£‘îþÀ —º‘Ïã‘�™ —�‘¯¨ �°€îþÆ þ°¦´ ±ÍŽòþéò ‡òì €œ× �´°‘¹°´±ò �¦¿º€¥�€ã ðò ÀéÆ‘� —œÜþ× —À‘Þ º¨´³Žòé‘Ñ.  3.4.2 �π㠄ª¦ ƒ€é×€î —µÏ›�×þ° þׯ¥íº‘Ò—°ñÅ —°äÚ ×Ì, —×íì ¸–ÒêÚÅ �°€î¿ þº‘òé »é œ‘´±Ì ‚ËÚ�æÅ �íºÀ‘î°‘�¿ º¨Žòé³. þת€� £‘î þת€�Æ‘�þ× ºÍ«Á™Žòé³.    ¸–ÒêÚ þº� ¸€ÝØÒ‘°‘Ñ ±Í�    ÿÒ À¬Á¥íé‘ò ÿÑ€ÀþÆ --- þÀÕÒ¹°³    ‡™þ�‘Ò´³ ‡ÜÚÏ×‘Ë ‡´°×›�è —œËבљ�Å    �™þ�‘Ò´³ �ÜÚÏþ× ‚Å  (�í½.33)  ƒ›� ðòÀéÆ‘� œÀÆ¿—º‘³ º�Ì¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�. º±—‘Å ¸–í鑯¨ °‘ÉÀ‘î×Ñ º�ѹ° €œ×´±ò œ€ÀÆ‘²°¿ þº‘™�, ƒ´°€�Æ �Ïè Øã™�™ �Ï´þ°‘¨ ×Ï×€°™ �‘¯�. �Ïþã ±ÏþÀïÆ‘�™ —�‘¯¦Ï™�Å ºÌ�×ò �¹° �Ïäò —×俺‘¥‘� £‘îÅ „ª¨Å ×€�ÇÖ ‡´°€�Æ ÃÆí��äÖ Æ‘×Ñ „¨ºª¥‘ÕÅ,�´°€�Æ ÃÆí��ª� ˆíº ƒ€é×ò þׯ¨ÏØÖ —×亪¨ £‘îÅ ½�ª¨×ò ‡òé ‚ÝÀ‘î ¸€ÝÚ ƒ›þ� —°äב�×€°™ �‘¯�. ƒÜ×‘ì —×俺ª¨ �Ïæ׳ ÿÒÀ¬Á¥íé‘ò ÿÑ€À �ÖÒ³ ƒÆÖ½ ‡òì ˜é¿º¨×³Å �¹±™� þׯ¦Æ—בòé‘�Å. �ðÃÅ µ¤ŸÀ‘�  º‘í�¥€Ò™ �€¥Æ —×俺¨º×íìè, µ¤œ‘ŽÆ ‚Ò�‘Ò ØœÀ‘ŽÆ ‚«× ÀÒ´€° …¯¨ °ò Á¥íêÖ €×´³ …ÇÑ�€ã �¹° µ¤�¥ÁϹ³ �‘™� ×ÖÒ×ò  �×—ºÏÀ‘þî, »é —°Ë×›�è �ÖÒ ‡î¿ºª¨ ƒ°î‘Ö �×þî �¯®€¥Æ ×èãÖ ‡òì› �ê™�¿º¨×€°™ �‘¯�. ƒ°î‘Ö œ›�‘Ì �‘Ì«ñÅ �°î‘Ö Ãàðí �¥Úã‘�ÚÅ »í�‘Ò´±Ö —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ ˜ê×°í� ƒ³þ× �¦¿º€¥Æ‘Çíì ‡òì› �Ï°Ò‘Å. �Ïþã ±ÏþÀïÆ‘�™ —�‘¯¦Ï¿º±ò°‘ò ¶ÒÀ¬Á¥íéî‘� œ›�‘Ì �‘Ì«îî‘� ƒ€é×ò þ°‘òìŽòé‘ò.  3.4.3 ƒ¿º¦¿ºª¥ �Ïþã‘î‘� �òºî‘�´ �×—ºÏÀ‘ò þ°‘òéþ×°‘ò —ÀËÆ‘î º™±ÉÅ  þ°‘òìŽòé³; �ì™�—ב¯«‘ »Í™�—ב¯«‘ ‚Ý™�‘°Ö �ÏÅ» º´± ºÌל´±Ö Øàź¦¢ —œËŽòé³.    ‡î™ŽïÆ ‡ÅÀ‘€î „œ€î Æ‘ò ‡òìÅ    ÀïÆ €×¿º‘� €×´þ°ò -- ‡î™� �׀   —�‘¯þ¥ò »Ì‘î‘�™ —�‘è׳þÀ ƒò½íþéò    …¯þ¥ ‡î™�ÍƳ Šòì  (�í½.10)    Šòþé ¶€î´±Ï¹þ°ò Šòþé ³¬¹—°‘Þ¹þ°ò    Šòþé ‡ò …èã´±ò …è〥´þ°ò -- Šòþé �‘¯    �›€�Æ‘ò ±›�ª �±ÑæƑò —º‘›—�‘äþœÑ    �›€�Æí� ‚ã‘Å �³ (�í½.11)  ƒ›� ‚Ý™�‘°Óò —×俺‘¥‘�, „œþî ‡î™ŽïÆò, �×€îþÆ …èã´±Ö €×¿º‘� €×´þ°ò, »Ì‘î‘�™ —�‘¯þ¥ò; �Ü×‘ì —�‘¯¥³þÀ ‡ÖÒ‘´ ³òº›�æÅ ��Ò ƒòºþÀ ³–Ë™�Õíþéò �°ïò Ž€¥¿º°í� Á� �Í°‘ŽÆ Šò€é¿ —ºíþéò ‡òì �䙎òé‘Ñ. ‚ÝÀ‘î �‘°Óò ÿÑ€ÀÉÅ ƒ›� —×俺¨Žòé³. �ò»íŽïÆ �Ïã‘ãî‘ŽÆ „œ€îþÆ Ø¥‘³ ¶€î™Žòé‘Ñ; �×€îþÆ …èã´±ò …èþã  �€¥´þ°ò ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. �Ïä€î´ °ØÑ´³ þÀÒ‘î �ò»€î´ °ØÑ´³ þ×—é‘òìÅ �êÆ‘° ºÌÀ€î, �³ �‘Ì«À‘� �Å€ÀÆ‘Ñ �×€îþÆ ¶€î´³ ב⹳ ƒò½ì×€°™ �‘«Ã¦Žòé³.  3.4.4 ƒ´°€�Æ �Ï´³ ×ãÑ¢�ÇÖ, µÅ ±ÏÄÒÑ ƒòñÅ ºÒ ½³€À�€ã¢ —œË³ �Ϫþ�‘ªº‘ª€¥ ƒòñÅ ƒòñŠÙŽÆÀ‘î Šòé‘� ×ãÑ™Žòé‘Ñ. ‡Ý‘Å °¹±Ì´³ ‹Ñ º‘ª¦Ö ƒ¹° ½³€À™ �Ï´³™�è ºÒ —×亨׀°™ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å.    �Ï—ã›� À‘î �ã€× ÆêÆ‘Ñ    �π㠸�Ìà °‘î³¹ þ°Ì‘Ñ    �Ïè ‰›�ÏÀ´³ �±¡™�Å …òî‘Ñ    �Ï—ã›�› �¯«‘î³ ‚Ñ �êבþé  (1767)  ƒ›� �π㿠ºíê ºÒ Ã™ŽÆÀ‘î �Ï´³™�è ½Ò¿º¨Žòéî. �Ïþã �ã€× ‡ñÅ þº‘³, …¯€À ‡ñÅ �êÚ �Ïã‘Ö �êÆ¿º¨×³ ‡òé‘Žòé³. �Ïþã —ÀË£‘î±ò �ã€×, ‡ÖÒ‘×€� �×´€°�þ㑨Š�³þ× ×ÏŽòé³, ‚›� …¯€À Æ‘—°òì …«Ñ´± ¶íŽòé³. �ðÀ‘׳ ƒòº¢ Ÿ€×Çò ‚ÉèØÍ´±Çò ÀϹ°‘�Å. ƒ€éÆÏþã �´°€�Æ �ðÀ‘� ‚�þ× �¯¥Óï œ´±Æ‘� ƒ›� —�‘㿺¨Žòé³. �¹° �π㠇¿º¦ �ê¹³ —�‘è׳ ‡òé þ�èØ™� º±Ò‘� ‰›�ÏÀ´³ �±¡™�ÀÅ ‡òì º�Ì¿ º¨Žòé³. ‰¹—°‘ÞÖ�ã‘Ö ƒ€é×ò …Ò�´€° ‚ª¦º€¥™Žòé‘ò ‡òéê¹³ �¹° ‰¹—°‘ÞÖ�è ‡Ü×‘ì …Ò�´±Ö �‘«™ Ž¥™Žòé³ ‡òì �ê¹³ �¹° �êØñè ƒòñÅ ‚ݤ—œÖÒ  �›� �Ïäò º¯½ —×俺¨Å ‡òŽòé‘Ñ. þÀÕÅ ƒ›� �π㿠º‘Ñ€×ÇÆþÒ‘¨  ƒ€«™�¿º¨×€°ÉÅ �‘¯Žòþé‘Å. º‘Ñ€×�è ºÒ, �×íìè …èã´±Ö �Ïþã þÀźª¨ ¶í� ‚�þ× º‘Ñ€× �Ϫº‘Ñ€×Æ‘�þ× �€ÀÆ, �¯ �Ϫ�¯þ«Æ‘�, �‘«¿º¨×³Å œ´€°´ °ØÑ´³ �œ´°‘�‘³ ‡òìÅ �ê™�¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ€× �€î´³Å ×ÌÒ‘íì �鿽 Á™� �Ï´³�ã‘�Å. »í�‘Ò´±Ö —ºÍ³Å þº‘í鿺ª¥€×ÉÀ‘�Å.  3.4.5 ƒÜבé‘î �ÏäÖ �๰þ×°‘ò Ù¨þºé‘ŽÆ ±Ïצ¿þºì ‡òì °¹±ÌØÆÖ ˜é¿º¨Žòé³. ƒ€éÆÏäÖ �๱ �íº …ÒŽÆÖ ‚€œ�€ã¿ þº‘™Žî‘Ö°‘ò ºŸØÆÖ½ þº‘™Ž �×ØÆÖ½ —ºíì ÀŽÝ æŽòé³ ‡òì œ‘°îØÆÕÅ ˜é¿º¨Žòé³.    �êØÖ �®� �ê׳ µÖŽ¿    —º‘ê×Þ Æ‘€œ ½�´±¿ ½«Ñ¹±ª¨    �ê׳ ב™Ž �¦ÆÏè µÖ�¤    —œê—ב¨ ¶òé‘Ñ �×À‘Çî‘þÌ (1768)  £‘îÀ‘Ñ™�´°‘Ö°‘ò ƒ€é×î³ ±Ïצ�€ã �€¥Æ æÉÅ. �°î‘Ö �Ïäò �êØ€î µÖŽ, ‰Å½Ò›�è ×Þ ‚€œ�€ã —œÖÒ €×´³, �°ò×Þ ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ �êØ€î ×ãÑ´³ ‚ÝÅ ‚ÝÅ —�‘¯¨ —œòì, ÄÒ´±Ö º¤œ ŽÏ´±Æ›�è ƒÏ¿º€°™ �‘ª¦ �×£‘îÅ ½«Ñ´± ºŸØÆÖ½ þº‘™Ž �×ØÆÖ½ ×¹þ°ìÅ º¦ ƒ€é×ò �Ï躑ӿº‘ò ‡òì ƒ€é×î³ �ñ™ŽÌ�´ —°‘ÞÖ Øã™�¿º¨Žòé³.  3.4.6 º‘œ¢—œÆÅ �ÖÒ³ º‘œÿ™�Å º¯®×³Å �Ïþã ‡òé×‘ì  ºíì�€ã ŠÞ´³ Ÿ´°À‘�°í�Å �°í�™ �‘Ì«À‘ŽÆ ב♀�ÇÖ µ¥™�Å ƒÆÖº‘î ²™€��ª�Å �Ïþã �‘Ì«Å ‡òìÅ ˜é¿º¨Žòé³.    º‘œ´±Ö ƒª¥³ �Ïè �¹°¿ º‘œ´±ò    þµœ´€° ت¥³ �Ïè �¹° þµœ´±Ö    ˜œíé ô± �Ïè �¹° ˜ª¥´±ò    þµœ´³´ þ°‘òé‘ ¶€Ò �Ïã‘þÀ.  (1771)  …ÒŽÆÖ º‘œ´±Ö ƒª¨ ºíºÒ ±ÏØ€ãÆ‘¥Ö�è µ¥´± �¹° …ÒŽÆÖ ƒòº´±Ö …×Ñ¿½´ °ª¥  €×´³ �Ýòì Ÿ´°À‘Ž¥¢ —œË׳Š�¹° �Ïè°‘ò. ƒÜ×‘ì ²™€��€ã �¨´°¨´³¢ —œË³ æØÖ ‡ÖÒ‘¿ ºíì�€ãÉŠإ Ù¨þºì �俺³Å �¹° �Ïþã, �›� °‘ò ‡ñÅ ��¹€° —�¥ ƒÏ´³×³Å �Ïþ㠇¨Žòé³. ƒ›� Ù¨þºì �Ïäò �€À׳ ‡òé �Ï´³ €œ× œÀÆ´±ò ×Õ×‘î Šòì ‡òº€° µ‘Å …«Ìþׯ¨Å  ƒÜ×‘ì ƒòñÅ ƒòñÅ ºÒ �Ï´³�€ã —�‘¯¦Ï™�Å £‘î™ �ÏÛÒ‘À‘� ±ÏÀ¹±ÌÅ  Øã›�Žòé³. ˆ€îÆ º�±�äÖ ƒ€× ƒòñÅ Øœ‘Í™�¿º¨Å. ‚ÇñÅ œ‘°îØÆÖ —°‘¥Ñº‘� ‹Ñ ÙŽÆÀ‘î �Ï´€° µ‘Å �ê³ �‘«þׯ¨Å.  3.4.7 —ÀË�¯¥‘Ñ °Å �×£‘îþº‘°´³ œ‘°îØÆÓò €ÀÆ™�Ï´°‘�, ‹Ü—בÏ×Ï™�Å °Å€À¿ ºíêÆ —ÀËÆê€×, בâØò ‡ÖÒ‘ �ÖÒÖ�€ãÉÅ þº‘™�Å —ÀËÆê€×, ºÌÀþî °ò �Ïäò þÀź‘ª¥‘Ö °¹³ …°ÚŽé‘ò ‡òº±ò, �ÆÌ‘ �ò»ò �Ìò�ÝÖ —œÖÒþׯ¨Å ‡ÖÒ‘ ‚òÀ‘™�æÅ ‡òì œ‘°îØÆ€Ò Øã™�Žòé‘Ñ. �ÆÌ‘ �òº‘׳ �Ïè—×äÇÖ Æ‘¯¨Å Ž¥¹³ �±þÒþÆ �๱ בâ×°‘�Å. ƒ™�Ï´³ ±ÏÀ¹±Ì´±ÕÅ —×亪¦Ï™Žòé³.    �ÏäÖ »é¹±ª¨ �ÏäÖ ×ãѹ±ª¨    �ÏäÖ �Þ¹³ ƒ€ã¿º‘ê À€é¹±ª¨    �Ïã‘î ‚î¹°´³ ‚Ìó †ª¦    �Ïã‘Ö ‡ò µ¹± ��Å ½�¹°‘þî (1770)  µ¹±—ÆÅ —ºÏÀ‘ò, ‚òÀ‘™�€ã �Ϫ—ºÏ›�¥ÓÖ »é¹±¥ €×´³, �±Ö �œ¨ ÿ™Ž Ÿ´°À‘Ž º™�×´±Ö Ã±Ì €×´³, �³—º‘à³ µ¥™Žòé ²™€��äò þœ‘ÑÚÅ ³òºÃÅ ÿ™�Å ×€�ÇÖ ƒòº´³ °¬™€��ãÉÅ —œË³ ƒ€ã¿º‘é €×´³, £‘îñѢ� ×Ï°íþ�íº �בÃÅ ½�™� €×´³, �¹¶ÆÀ‘Ë ¶íº³ þº‘™Ž �µ¹¶ÆÀ‘Žòé‘ò ‡òéבì. �´³Ø°À‘Ë ¶íŽòé ƒ€éþ, ×ÖÓÆ ÀÒ¿»¦Çò �‘Ì«À‘�, »«™�íì  þ×é‘� ƒÏ™�Å ‚òÀ‘ æØÖ ��¹€° —�ª¨ °íþº‘°Å ÿ™Ž ƒ€é×þ ÃíêÕÅ Š´³þº‘Ë þ×éé ¶í�Å, �³ÚÅ ƒ€éÆÏã‘þÒþÆ ‡òéבì. ƒ³þ× þ×°‘¹°´ —°äבŠ€œ×�´°‘¹°Å ‡òì º±î‘›�‘Å ¸–í鑯¦Ö …À‘º± �ב¢œ‘ÍÆ‘Ì‘Ö Ø°¹—°¨´³ ‹°¿º¨Žòé³.